Erspamer said Josephs probably received an injection of sarin or another nerve gas, because the records show that he received the drug P2S on February 1, 1968, to treat organophosphate poisoning.. He believes the testing hurt him emotionally and stole part of his life. I really felt a duty to my country to go and serve, he said. You can't hardly walk, and your mind is going so many different directions," Paul said. "We weren't told what it was," says Charlie Cavell, who was 19 when he volunteered for the program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. ", And "How would you compare this test with the last one?". Youre going to do it. A third type of test exposed troops to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings. You will now be able to tab or arrow up or down through the submenu options to access/activate the submenu links. In the early 1990s, VA officials also announced the agency would lower its burden of proof to make getting benefits easier in these cases. Vol. "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" is a new Discovery+ documentary (available on June 9, 2022) that chronicles the program and its long-term effects on the soldiers who participated in the testing. In more than 20 years, the VA attempted to reach just 610 of the men, with a single letter sent in the mail. pp 89, "Secret Army volunteer's widow blames VA for spouse's death" (CNN; 3/3/12), "Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments" (CNN; 3/1/12), Last edited on 30 November 2022, at 16:44, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, Human experimentation in the United States, "Altered States: LSD and the Anesthesia Laboratory of Henry Knowles Beecher", "Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies 19551975", Researchers tested pot, LSD on Army volunteers. The Army is required to provide medical care to veterans who took part in classified Army testing of chemical and biological substances decades ago, officials say. Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons depot located at APG. "It just did not look like a military base, more. Those substances affect the same region of the brain, Erspamer said. "[5] This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. Josephs received his letter from the VA in 2008, four decades after he arrived at the Maryland base. She previously worked as an editor and staff writer at newspapers in Columbus, Georgia; Huntsville, Alabama; Bloomington, Indiana; Monterey, California and in Germany. Her name is Joy. The release of the new document comes after a year in which the Navy saw several major clusters of suicides. From 1948 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified human subject research at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland. The moment 18-year-old Army Pvt. NPR Photo Editor Ariel Zambelich and reporters Christopher Groskopf, Jani Actman and Lydia Emmanouilidou also contributed to this story. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war. ), Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. Declassified military films show soldiers being given drugs and then being monitored to see their impacts. According to CNN, declassified government documents indicated the men were exposed to incapacitating drugs like BZ; or to sarin, an extremely toxic, potentially deadly substance that disrupts the nervous system; or to VX, a liquid neurotoxin considered one of the most dangerous chemicals created. Former ABC and Politico correspondent Tara Palmeri leads a team of investigative journalists as they reexamine a dark chapter of Army history. The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances. Learn more from the Department of Defense.A2016 report to the DoD on long-term health effects due to participation in these tests concluded that although effects of the individual agents had been established in the literature, test subjects would have endured lower concentrations for shorter durations and no significant effects had been observed in the health of test subjects in the years since the tests occurred. With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely". Bollinger still has chronic breathing problems and breaks out in eczema in places where he was burned as a young Navy recruit: "Around my privates and under my arms and face and everywhere else," he says. Several veterans claimed they were exposed to dangerous chemicals during government-sponsored Cold War experiments without their knowledge, and they filed suit in 2009 against the Army, Veterans Affairs, the CIA and the Department of Defense. Berzellini says every winter her husband spent weeks in bed with chronic bronchitis an illness government studies have linked to mustard gas exposure. "Until we actually got into the process of being in that room and realized, wait a minute, we can't get out of here.". The lawsuit sought for the veterans to be notified about what substances they had received and be provided medical coverage. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).[19]. The chemical agents tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:[1]. Congressional hearings into these experiments in 1974 and 1975 resulted in disclosures, notification of subjects as to the nature of their chemical exposures, and ultimately to compensation for a few families of subjects who had died during the experiments (NAS 1993). [] At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. And in 2010, the VA announced it would review 90,000 previously denied Agent Orange claims. According to the agency, if a veteran has an illness on the list and can prove he was exposed, he receives benefits. Ariel Zambelich/NPR. These agents are still used today as antidotes to organophosphorus nerve agent poisoning, including accidental poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides. "We did volunteer," Paul said. Nashville veteran Dennis Paul, 79, discussed his experience in the program with NewsChannel 5 Investigates, saying he it impacted him long after he left the Army. Served as a volunteer for medical research in a U.S. Army chemical or biological substance testing program from 1942 to 1975. The Maj. Richard Star Act would eliminate the dollar-for-dollar offset on retirement pay that combat-disabled vets with less Capt. "That's me" he said pointing to a younger version of himself. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. For more information, fill out our online contact form or call 1-800-YOURLAWYER (1-800-968-7529). BTS will be on hiatus until all seven members complete their mandatory military service in South Korea. They also compared the relative sensitivity of soldiers, including tests designed to look for racial difference. You believed in your government. "It's an important story that needs to be told and it's a story that frankly a lot of people don't know," Hancock said. Kristian Thacker for NPR He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. Other exposures included tear gas, and hallucinogenics like LSD. According to at least one class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, other substances tested on soldiers there included mescaline, amphetamines, mustard gas, CS (riot control agent), a THC analog called red oil, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and crop destruction agents such as dioxin, used in Agent Orange. "They didn't know they were signing up to get mystery chemicals injected into their bodies," Hancock said. Only a small number of all the experiments done during this period involved mustard agents or Lewisite. Kathleen Curthoys is editor of Army Times. Erspamer said he sees a connection between Josephs Parkinsons disease and the drugs he received at Edgewood. If you dont, youre going to jail. If you are in crisis or having thoughts of suicide, In this U.S. government photo, Wray Forrest is seen on the far right in 1973 while participating in the program at Maryland's Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center. Tyler Perry wrote and will direct the story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe. The first story in this report focused on race-based experiments done as part of the military's chemical warfare program: Cavell, now 88 years old, says the officer threatened him and the other test subjects: If they told anyone about their knowledge or participation in the experiments, they would receive a dishonorable discharge and be sent to military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. "They put the fear of God in just a bunch of young kids," he says. The club operated from approximately the 1920s until sometime not long after the Arsenal was combined with Aberdeen Proving Ground in 1971. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines. [10], According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":[11]. "This should have been ancient history by now," he told NPR. The founder and director of the program, Dr Van Murray Sim, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants, Vol. After receiving the drug, soldiers were monitored to see if they could do basic tasks like run an obstacle course. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell To date, these policies have not been applied to World War II vets who were exposed to mustard gas. An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. "That's going to be on my tombstone," Bollinger says. By this logic, Edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months. Cavell says that even today, when he comes to a locked door he's reminded of the inside of a gas chamber. It just did not look like a military base, more like a hospital, recalled Josephs, a Pittsburgh native. Dr. James Ketchum led the experiments, and we've got a clip in which he defends his methods. Find out if you qualify for VA health care. It claimed "no significant health effects have been observed" in those who were tested. Thus, between 1950 and 1975, about 6,720 soldiers took part in experiments involving exposures to 254 different chemicals, conducted at U.S. Army Laboratories at Edgewood Arsenal, MD (NRC 1982, NRC 1984, NAS 1993). While early experiments with marijuana and LSD get plenty of discussion, much of the long-term damage seems to result from experimentation with the powerful incapacitating agent 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, commonly known as BZ. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures. Erspamer said the government has reached very few of the 7,000 or so Edgewood veterans, and the VA has turned down almost all Edgewood-related health claims. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. According to the lawsuit, some of the volunteers were even implanted with electrical devices in an effort to control their behaviour. EDGEWOOD ARSENAL / MKULTRA LAWSUIT MOVES TO NEXT PHASE Claims it is unconstitutional for the VA to decide VA claims where VA itself participated in the illegal chemical and biological weapons program. Other times it was a pill, Josephs told CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. Those regulations have kept veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits. Hit enter to expand a main menu option (Health, Benefits, etc). In addition to medical benefits, the lawsuit is asking that the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs find all Edgewood veterans and provide them with details of the chemicals they received and their possible health effects. Lasting from 1950 to 1975, the experiments took place at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.[8]. [The VA] has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. Schnurman, who died in 2013 when he was 87, had suffered debilitating injuries after being tested at the U.S. Thank you. Mr. Zekowski is always on top of his game. Copyrights 2002-2022 YourLawyer.com. As late as 2014 incomplete information due to the failure to declassify and release relevant classified documents prevented IOM from conducting adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs. "There was no handle on the door. And yet Flohr insists the VA still needs proof in order to grant claims. And in this case I'm afraid the answer is not yet. Courtesy of Edgewood Arsenal Yet in just two months, an NPR research librarian located more than 1,200 of them, using the VA's own list of test subjects and public records. In a statement, the Defense Department said that it has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances and the VA has contacted and offered free medical evaluations to thousands of veterans.. It forced the Army to locate soldiers who were in the testing program and send them documentation detailing what happened to them. The National Academies of Science reviewed this report in 2018 ("Review and Approach to Evaluating Long-term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects") and suggested a framework for evaluating these exposures moving forward. They. In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and Swords to Plowshares, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. Veterans who became Army guinea pigs for secret drug and chemical experiments are suing the VA, the CIA and the Defense Department. "For the actual test Private Zadrovney received a high dose of the incapacitating agent," the film's narrator said. At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm. Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). Some of the volunteers exhibited certain symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents. But Bollinger says that time in his life is tainted: by the pain he felt as a human test subject in military experiments, and by the VA that told him it wasn't real. Recent reports indicated that as many as 7,000 soldiers may have been subjected to these experiments in a top secret Cold War research program studying chemical and biological weapons. These studies included a secret human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in Edgewood technicians. While the soldiers were given the option to decline the drug testing, there were innuendos of bad punishments if they did not participate, the former soldier said, according to CNN. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". Since I grew up in close proximity to Edgewood with obvious chemical testing, how much can I have transferred birth defects to him? About 260 subjects were experimentally exposed to various psychochemicals including phencyclidine (PCP), and 10 related synthetic analogs of the active ingredient of cannabis (NRC 1984). This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. "But we have done everything that we could do, I definitely believe that.". To my knowledge, not one of them died or suffered a serious illness or permanent injury. The testing took place at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland from 1955 through 1975. "I remember him laying up in the bedroom up there," she says. "But this is a bargain we made. After a stint at a defense company in Tennessee, Carl Gepp got a job in 1965 as an engineer working on the Honest John missile back at the Edgewood Arsenal. 2. Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer | Accessibility Compliance Policy | Library | Diversity StatementWe are committed to making this website accessible, and as consistent with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 as possible. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. In the suit, Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. Fed the "F" up. Watching soldiers suffer through delirium and panic attacks while older survivors describe their experiences makes for powerful viewing. A lawsuit brought by a veterans advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that supported U.S. chemical and biological programs, Army Medical Command officials said in a release this week. Hunt, Secret Agenda: The U.S. Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip 1945-1991. hide caption, Former CIA Director Porter Goss says the VA has mishandled these claims. Josephs has not received any health benefits related to his time as a human test subject at Edgewood. Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies FAQs. "They want to use young men as guinea pigs and throw them away," said Josephs, now 63. Officials at the Pentagon tell NPR it's likely that some of the records about military mustard gas experiments were never recovered. Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that: Unlike the CIA program, research subjects [at Edgewood] all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. ", Flohr tells NPR his agency has followed federal statutes in its handling of claims for mustard gas exposure. According to a deposition given by a former soldier involved in the program who is now deceased, it was not until men arrived at Edgewood Arsenal that they were informed that drugs would also be used in the experiments. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. According to a CNN report that aired in March 2012, from 1955 to 1975 more than 7,000 soldiers each spent two months at Edgewood Arsenal, where they were exposed to as many 250 different chemical and biological agents as part of secret medical experiments. Subscribe to the Military.com newsletter to have military news, updates and resources delivered straight to your inbox. "[6], The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. 1. As a result, at least one class action lawsuit has been filed against the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs, with the hope of, at the very least, getting . This includes receiving medicines or vaccines under the Armys investigational drug review. Attention A T users. The Army then sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand, in support of the war effort in Vietnam. he says. One film showed soldiers being injected with BZ, which in high doses can lead to hallucinations and confusion. The chemical caused a delirium that included hallucinations and an inability to carry out tasks. I was a MRVP at Edgewood Arsenal Chemical in 1964/1965. The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. The mustard gas experiments were conducted at a time when American intelligence showed that enemy gas attacks were imminent. Nashville veteran discusses his experience at Edgewood Arsenal. They deserve that respect and the audience this documentary can bring. He was told never to talk about his experiences at Edgewood and to forget about everything he ever did, said or heard at the Maryland base. The soldiers deposition also stated that participants were given no warnings about side effects or potential long-term health risks that might be associated with the experiments. "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" gives ample airtime to theories that Edgewood hosted Nazi scientists given asylum under the Pentagon's notorious Operation Paperclip program, but never quite manages to tie the Germans to Ketchum's experiments. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. Sometimes it was an injection. Similarly, cholinesterase reactivators antidotes such as 2-PAM were tested on about 750 subjects. In the 1990s, the law firm Morrison & Foerster agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. If a page cannot be made accessible, we will work to make a text version available. including tests designed to look for racial difference. All rights reserved. Updated A significant change was made on July 1, 1971, when Edgewood Arsenal, the former chemical center and current chemical research and engineering center for the U.S. Army, was merged into APG. Paul's paperwork shows he received BZ, which he said felt like he was in a nightmare for hours at a time. Rochelle, 60, who has come back to live in Onslow county, said in an interview that there were about two dozen volunteers . Inside the chamber, Cavell's skin started to turn red and burn in the places where he sweat the most: between his legs, behind his neck and under his arms. Tim Josephs arrived at Edgewood Arsenal in 1968, he knew there was something different about the place. 7 Jun 2022 Military.com | By James Barber From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an. Copyright 2021 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. The VA created a list of illnesses that are linked to mustard gas exposure such as skin cancer, leukemia and chronic breathing problems. A previous version of this story misidentified Nat Schnurman's wife. "Incapacitating chemical agents": Law enforcement, human rights law and policy perspectives. Rep., at 411.[5])[20]. Other times, he experiences numbness in his joints or or tremors. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacobi Natarelli, G. E. EA 1464 and Related Compounds, I. Synthesis of EA 1464, EA 1473, and Their Homologs. 27), then 19, volunteered for the military's secret chemical testing program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them. 2023 Cable News Network. The test subjects who are still alive are now in their 80s and 90s. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. But instead, the military deliberately exposed them to chemical and biological agents. Medications cost $2,000 a month, which he was paying for out of pocket. They based that conclusion on the same information that had been sitting in his VA file for decades. '' she says it was a pill, Josephs told CNN Chief medical correspondent dr. Sanjay Gupta lack a! Their experiences makes for powerful viewing they had received and be provided medical coverage use men... Medical coverage pigs and throw them away, '' he told NPR on hiatus all... Enemy gas attacks were imminent look like a hospital, recalled Josephs, now 63 to tab or up! No significant health effects have been ancient history by now, '' Paul said older describe! 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