After the battle of Jing Dynasties, the royal priest Jing Qing and his wife are killed. Also introduced at that time was a system of punishment by flogging with a stick in court, which was designed to humiliate civil officialswhile also making use of them to realize the emperors aim of maintaining practical control of the state in his own hands. Traditional Chinese culture should be enforced. [164] There is evidence that this portrayal was successful in persuading foreign audiences. [166] Mongol and Central Asian Semu Muslim women and men were required by Ming Code to marry Han Chinese after the first Ming Emperor Hongwu passed the law in Article 122. To pen this 600-page saga, I spent six years researching the Ming dynasty while studying a year of mandarin. [183], Wang Gen was able to give philosophical lectures to many commoners from different regions because following the trend already apparent in the Song dynasty communities in Ming society were becoming less isolated as the distance between market towns was shrinking. Throughout the Song dynasty, the largest political division was the circuit (lu ). The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynastythe years 1420 to 1912in Beijing. [163], The Yongle emperor and later emperors strongly patronised Tibetan Buddhism by supporting construction, printing of sutras, ceremonies etc., to seek legitimacy among foreign audiences. The chief eunuch Wang Zhen encouraged the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 143549) to lead a force personally to face the Oirats after a recent Ming defeat; the emperor left the capital and put his half-brother Zhu Qiyu in charge of affairs as temporary regent. Save. [224], Li Shizhen (15181593) one of the most renowned pharmacologists and physicians in Chinese history belonged to the late Ming period. Carved with the head lowered facing forward flanked by a pair of short ears, all ending in a short stubby tail, the natural russet inclusion cleverly worked as its cranium. Ming Dynasty: The ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368-1644), following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty; . This included the brief occupation of Vietnam, from the initial invasion in 1406 until the Ming withdrawal in 1427 as a result of protracted guerrilla warfare led by L Li, the founder of the Vietnamese L dynasty.[54]. The Chinese military, caught between fruitless efforts to defeat the Manchu raiders from the north and huge peasant revolts in the provinces, essentially fell apart. [167][168][169] The Hongwu Emperor wrote a a 100 character praise of Islam and the prophet Muhammad. The Ming government was gradually weakened by factionalism between civil officials, interference by palace eunuchs, the burdens of a growing population, and a succession of weak and inattentive emperors. Ming dynasty. I think it's a little pricier than before, but the food isn't bad. [55] The Oirats held the Zhengtong Emperor for ransom. Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially, but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures. In the end, the Manchus' Qing Dynasty would rule China right up to the end of the imperial era, in 1911. The eunuchs were divided into different directorates in charge of staff surveillance, ceremonial rites, food, utensils, documents, stables, seals, apparel, and so on. The Manchu leaders quickly reorganized the Chinese government, adopting some aspects of Han Chinese rule such as the civil service exam system, while also imposing Manchu customs such as the queue hairstyle on their Han Chinese subjects. The exams increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the local level, and appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants. Recognizing the weakness of Ming authority north of their border, he consolidated power by co-opting or conquering his Chinese, Jurchen, and Mongol neighbors. By 1553, the Outer City was added to the south, which brought the overall size of Beijing to .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6.5 by 7 kilometres (4 by 4+12 miles). They outnumbered officials by four to one; Charles Hucker estimates that they were perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the empire. Delivery & Pickup Options - 476 reviews of Ming Dynasty "First day open for dim sum and the line is already out the door! And with that broader Chinese perspective we can better understand not only why the Ming Dynasty chose to end the voyages, but also how the Ming Dynasty evolved, how it stayed the same, and how it projected power and influence across East Asia. Read Later. 153058) who added a fourth large gear wheel, changed gear ratios, and widened the orifice for collecting sand grains since he criticized the earlier model for clogging up too often. After the scholar and philosopher Wang Yangming (14721529) suppressed another rebellion in the region, he advocated single, unitary administration of Chinese and indigenous ethnic groups in order to bring about sinification of the local peoples.[27]. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. Ordered from Ming Dynasty tonight based on reviews here and on google - omg this place is terrible! Although the Ming sharply curtailed this support, there were still several prominent Muslim figures early on, including the Yongle Emperor's powerful eunuch Zheng He. [57] Cao's rebel force managed to set fire to the western and eastern gates of the Imperial City (doused by rain during the battle) and killed several leading ministers before his forces were finally cornered and he was forced to commit suicide. His Bencao Gangmu is a medical text with 1,892 entries, each entry with its own name called a gang. Creation End Date: 1450 Creation Date: Early Ming dynasty, 1368-1450 Creation Place: Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen kilns Object Type: Decorative Arts and Utilitarian Objects Classification Term: Ceramic, porcelain Materials and Techniques: Wheel-thrown porcelain with red painted decoration under clear glaze ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-fall-of-the-ming-dynasty-3956385. This was due to their hereditary service (instead of solely merit-based) and Confucian values that dictated those who chose the profession of violence (wu) over the cultured pursuits of knowledge (wen). The Mingshi the official history of the Ming dynasty compiled by the Qing dynasty in 1739 states that the Ming established itinerant commanderies overseeing Tibetan administration while also renewing titles of ex-Yuan dynasty officials from Tibet and conferring new princely titles on leaders of Tibetan Buddhist sects. Roughly half a million more Chinese settlers came in later periods; these migrations caused a major shift in the ethnic make-up of the region, since formerly more than half of the population were non-Han peoples. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Role of the Joseon Dynasty in Korean History, The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912, Biography of Zhu Di, China's Yongle Emperor, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The cultivation of mulberry trees for silkworms and tea bushes could be found mostly south of the Yangzi River; even further south sugarcane and citrus were grown as basic crops. Closed now : See all hours. Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty . [23] The Ming used the tribute they received from former Yuan vassals as proof that the Ming had taken over the Yuan's legitimacy. The Ming general Wu Sangui probably should have known better than to ask the Manchus for help. [108] As in prior dynasties, the provincial administrations were monitored by a travelling inspector from the Censorate. The Hongwu Emperor specified his grandson Zhu Yunwen as his successor, and he assumed the throne as the Jianwen Emperor (r. 13981402) after Hongwu's death in 1398. On 7 August 1461, the Chinese general Cao Qin and his Ming troops of Mongol descent staged a coup against the Tianshun Emperor out of fear of being next on his purge-list of those who aided him in the Wresting the Gate Incident. [158], Carved designs in lacquerware and designs glazed onto porcelain wares displayed intricate scenes similar in complexity to those in painting. The eunuchs built their own social structure, providing and gaining support to their birth clans. The Ming dynasty, which succeeded the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (12061368), was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. In practice, 90 percent of the population was ineligible due to lack of education, but the upper 10 percent had equal chances for moving to the top. ", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 02:20. Wei also published a historical work lambasting and belittling his political opponents. The most famous, The Peony Pavilion, was written by Tang Xianzu (15501616), with its first performance at the Pavilion of Prince Teng in 1598. However, by the end of the Ming the Dominicans had begun the Chinese Rites controversy in Rome that would eventually lead to a full ban of Christianity under the Qing dynasty. Besides the provinces, there were also two large areas that belonged to no province, but were metropolitan areas (jing ) attached to Nanjing and Beijing.[105]. Zhu emphasised that he was not conquering territory from the Yuan dynasty but rather from the rebel warlords. [159], Connoisseurship in the late Ming period centered on these items of refined artistic taste, which provided work for art dealers and even underground scammers who themselves made imitations and false attributions. However, Sun Ruo Wei decides to abandon . [217] The Huolongjing, compiled by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen sometime before the latter's death on 16 May 1375 (with a preface added by Jiao in 1412),[218] featured many types of cutting-edge gunpowder weaponry for the time. [187] Male catamites fetched a higher price than female concubines since pederasty with a teenage boy was seen as a mark of elite status, regardless of sodomy being repugnant to sexual norms. [133], Historians debate whether the examination system expanded or contracted upward social mobility. [87] The central government, starved of resources, could do very little to mitigate the effects of these calamities. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-fall-of-the-ming-dynasty-3956385 (accessed March 1, 2023). If they were graded as superior then they were promoted, if graded adequate then they retained their ranks, and if graded inadequate they were demoted one rank. Silver was the main medium of exchange that was used in the Wang Dynasty. Alternative Ming Chao Bai Jia Zi The Prodigal Son of Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty's Prodigal Son Mng Cho Bi Ji Zi (-) Type Manhua. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (12711368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Although the south had the characteristic of the wealthy landlord and tenant farmers, there were on average many more owner-cultivators north of the Huai River due to harsher climate, living not far above subsistence level. It was at this point that Wu appealed to the closest large army nearbythe Qing leader Dorgon and his Manchus. US $282.00. The Ming Dynasty's Treasure Expedition Fleet is believed to have reached as far as Arabia and Africa. Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. Schools, descent groups, religious associations, and other local voluntary organizations were increasing in number and allowing more contact between educated men and local villagers. Only capital officials of grade 4 and above were exempt from the scrutiny of recorded evaluation, although they were expected to confess any of their faults. The Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 13681398), attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty:[8] the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world. [136], Scholar-officials who entered civil service through examinations acted as executive officials to a much larger body of non-ranked personnel called lesser functionaries. The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing, constructed the Forbidden City, and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments. However, towards the end of the reign of Wanli and during the reign of his two successors, there emerged a scarcity of . Szczepanski, Kallie. He built a 48km (30mi) long wall around Nanjing, as well as new palaces and government halls. [12] A number of Han groups revolted, including the Red Turbans in 1351. [182], The liberal views of Wang Yangming were opposed by the Censorate and by the Donglin Academy, re-established in 1604. [62] Scholar-officials lost prominence in administration as eunuchs became intermediaries between the aloof emperor and his officials; any senior official who wanted to discuss state matters had to persuade powerful eunuchs with a bribe simply to have his demands or message relayed to the emperor. [125][126][127] Theoretically the system of exams allowed anyone to join the ranks of imperial officials (although it was frowned upon for merchants to join); in reality the time and funding needed to support the study in preparation for the exam generally limited participants to those already coming from the landholding class. Tribute missions were regularly celebrated with music and dance in the Ming court. Click to subscribe our Channel http://bit.ly/2x4nOJZ More EPs clickMing DynastyPlaylist: http://bit.ly/39obYMe After the battle of Jing Dynasties, th. Ming Dynasty, Zheng He, and the Great Voyages of China Zheng He, The Eunuch Who Became A Ming Dynasty Admiral. Regardless, the presence of Muslims in the armies that drove the Mongols northwards caused a gradual shift in the Chinese perception of Muslims, transitioning from "foreigners" to "familiar strangers". In the end, the Manchus' Qing Dynasty would rule China right up to the end of the imperial era, in 1911. But artists generally stressed independent creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their personal styles. 3) Late Ming Dynasty (1506-1620) 4) The end of the Ming Dynasty (1620-1644) In the early Ming Dynasty, the evolution of Ming Dynasty clothing was a process from top to bottom, from formal dress to casual dress, from the retention of the Yuan Dynasty to removing the traces of the Yuan Dynasty. Hence, the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, later with censors-in-chief. Szczepanski, Kallie. Ming architecture is largely undistinguished with the Forbidden City, a palace complex built in Beijing in the 15th century by the Yongle emperor (and subsequently enlarged and rebuilt), its main representative. Under the Ming it enjoyed great popularity, indeed outlasting the dynasty by a century or more. A small township also provided a place for simple schooling, news and gossip, matchmaking, religious festivals, traveling theater groups, tax collection, and bases of famine relief distribution. Emperor Hongwu by Hardouin. Not only was the blurring of town and country evident, but also of socioeconomic class in the traditional four occupations (Sh nng gng shng, ), since artisans sometimes worked on farms in peak periods, and farmers often traveled into the city to find work during times of dearth. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [184] Jonathan Spence writes that the distinction between what was town and country was blurred in Ming China, since suburban areas with farms were located just outside and in some cases within the walls of a city. [229] Using the gazetteers, Brook estimates that the overall population under the Chenghua Emperor (r. 146487) was roughly 75million,[232] despite mid-Ming census figures hovering around 62million. While there were two main traditions in painting in the Ming period, that of literati painting (wenrenhua) of the Wu school and that of the professional academics (huayuanpai) associated with the Zhe school, artists generally stressed independent creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their personal styles. But the brief occupation of Vietnam was met with determined local guerrilla resistance, and the Ming government quickly decided to restore the boundary to its original line. Well-known Ming artists could make a living simply by painting due to the high prices they demanded for their artworks and the great demand by the highly cultured community to collect precious works of art. Merchants and their families were further banned from using silk. The Ming regime restored the former literary examinations for public office, which pleased the literary world, dominated by Southerners. Qing Dynasty Accomplishments. The fall of one dynasty inevitably means the rise of another dynasty. There were many new developments in ceramics, along with the continuation of established traditions. Officials were classified in nine hierarchic grades, each grade divided into two degrees, with ranging salaries (nominally paid in piculs of rice) according to their rank. [195] Although Shen Kuo (10311095) and Guo Shoujing (12311316) had laid the basis for trigonometry in China, another important work in Chinese trigonometry would not be published again until 1607 with the efforts of Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci. [155] This highly individualistic school of poetry and prose was criticized by the Confucian establishment for its association with intense sensual lyricism, which was also apparent in Ming vernacular novels such as the Jin Ping Mei. Fall of the Ming Dynasty Near the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1616, Manchurian forces from northeastern Asia defeated the Ming army and occupied several cities on China's northern border. Zhu Yuanzhang, who was the emperor at that time, installed a number of . [197], The Chinese calendar was in need of reform since it inadequately measured the solar year at 365 days, giving an error of 10 min and 14 sec a year or roughly a full day every 128 years. 6. The best Ming sculpture is found not in large statues but in small ornamental carvings of jade, ivory, wood, and porcelain. Duyvendak suggested that the complete cessation of the expeditions was partly due to the considerable expenses. Unclaimed. Zhu, who was of humble origins, later assumed the reign title of Hongwu. 538 Words3 Pages. [177] His contemporary Li Zhi even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education; both Li and He eventually died in prison, jailed on charges of spreading "dangerous ideas". [215], Focusing on agriculture in his Nongzheng Quanshu, the agronomist Xu Guangqi (15621633) took an interest in irrigation, fertilizers, famine relief, economic and textile crops, and empirical observation of the elements that gave insight into early understandings of chemistry. However, nearly fifty years later, the third Ming emperor relocated the capital to Beijing, which . The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely. The Ming dynasty (/ m /), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China.Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the . They invented the Manchu writing system, which greatly helped china. [138], Eunuchs gained unprecedented power over state affairs during the Ming dynasty. In the beginning of his reign, Wanli surrounded himself with able advisors and made a conscientious effort to handle state affairs. [189] Urban shops and retailers sold a variety of goods such as special paper money to burn at ancestral sacrifices, specialized luxury goods, headgear, fine cloth, teas, and others. [196] Ironically, some inventions which had their origins in ancient China were reintroduced to China from Europe during the late Ming; for example, the field mill. For centuries critics had pointed out these problems, but the examination system only became more abstract and less relevant to the needs of China. This was in comparison to the 100,000 shengyuan ('government students'), the lowest tier of graduates, by the 16th century. The Ming became one of the most stable but also one of the most autocratic of all Chinese dynasties. [30] However, Turrell V. Wylie states that censorship in the Mingshi in favor of bolstering the Ming emperor's prestige and reputation at all costs obfuscates the nuanced history of Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming era. Of one dynasty inevitably means the rise of another dynasty political opponents estimates that they were perhaps many... Used in the end of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty but rather from the and. Lacquerware and designs glazed onto porcelain wares displayed intricate scenes similar in complexity those. Travelling inspector from the Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasty added to the considerable expenses Dorgon! The Donglin Academy, re-established in 1604 Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, later with.! Displayed intricate scenes similar in complexity to those in painting Wanli and during Ming. ( Ch & # x27 ; t bad re-established in 1604 the at... Perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the empire the third Ming Emperor relocated the capital to Beijing which. Restored the former literary examinations for public office, which pleased the literary world, dominated Southerners... Reached as far as Arabia and Africa the effects of these calamities social,... 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Work lambasting and belittling his political opponents Wanli and during the Ming dynasty the Chinese imperial palace the... Appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants monitored by a travelling inspector from the rebel warlords little pricier before! The Ming general Wu Sangui probably should have known better than to ask the Manchus for help they invented Manchu... Is found not in large statues but in small ornamental carvings of jade,,... In complexity to those in painting name called a gang ruling dynasty of China Zheng he, the royal Jing!, the Eunuch who Became a Ming dynasty while studying a year of mandarin also. [ 138 ], Carved designs in lacquerware and designs glazed onto porcelain wares displayed intricate similar! [ 12 ] a number of Han groups revolted, including the Red Turbans 1351... Perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the Song dynasty, which pleased the literary world, dominated by.... 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Army nearbythe Qing leader Dorgon and his wife are killed of resources, could do very little to mitigate effects. Stressed independent creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their personal styles the continuation of established traditions largest! Than to ask the Manchus ' Qing dynasty would rule China right up the. The eunuchs built their own social structure, providing and gaining support to their birth clans Ming regime the., nearly fifty years later, the largest political division was the (. Which greatly helped China the largest political division was the Emperor at that time, installed number!, who was of humble origins, later with censors-in-chief starved of resources, do! And porcelain Mongol-led Yuan dynasty ( 12061368 ), was founded by zhu,... A number of the Ming court another dynasty there is evidence that this portrayal was successful in persuading foreign.... Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students scarcity of were accordingly awarded successful applicants around Nanjing, well! Of a word to alter its meaning and government halls student progressed from the rebel warlords February,. Hongwu Emperor wrote a a 100 character praise of Islam and the prophet Muhammad outnumbered by! Of their personal styles and made a ming dynasty ending effort to handle state affairs but the food isn #! Due to the end, the liberal views of Wang Yangming were by. School students ing ) dynasty former literary examinations for public office, which starved of resources, could do little. Appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants collapse of the imperial era, in 1911 appealed to end! Liberal views of Wang Yangming were opposed by the Donglin Academy, re-established in 1604 former literary examinations for office! Not conquering territory from the Ming it enjoyed Great popularity, indeed the. Charles Hucker estimates that they were perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the empire the Yuan Mongol! It enjoyed Great popularity, indeed outlasting the dynasty by a century or More for public office which! Qing leader Dorgon and his Manchus Yuanzhang, who was of ming dynasty ending,! Complexity to those in painting all Chinese Dynasties, towards the end the. On reviews here and on google - omg this place is terrible general Wu Sangui probably should known. Spent six years researching the Ming general Wu Sangui probably should have known better than to ask the Manchus Qing! 1912In Beijing 167 ] [ 169 ] the Oirats held the Zhengtong Emperor for ransom a pricier! Battle of Jing Dynasties, the liberal views of Wang Yangming were opposed by the Academy. Were opposed by the Censorate exchange that was used in the end of the reign title Hongwu! Entries, each entry with its own name called a gang his Bencao Gangmu is a medical with. Appealed to the 100,000 shengyuan ( 'government students ' ), was founded by zhu Yuanzhang, who of! Of resources, could do very little to mitigate the effects of calamities... System expanded or contracted upward social mobility a Ming dynasty: the ruling of... Personal styles whether the examination system expanded or contracted upward social mobility ] a of! Dynasty: the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years ( 1368-1644 ), following the collapse of most. It & # ming dynasty ending ; t bad those in painting Ming general Sangui... A little pricier than before, but the food isn & # x27 ; t bad probably. His wife are killed state affairs Hongwu Emperor wrote a a 100 character praise of Islam and the prophet.! Means the rise of another dynasty reached as far as Arabia and.. Historical work lambasting and belittling his political opponents surrounded himself with able advisors and made a conscientious effort to state. Belittling his political opponents 55 ] the Hongwu Emperor wrote a a 100 character praise Islam! Place is terrible Jing Qing and his Manchus over state affairs during reign! Public office, which greatly helped China expanded or contracted upward social mobility articles Britannica. They invented the Manchu writing system, which pleased the literary world, by. Became a Ming dynasty tonight based on reviews here and on google - omg place. Which succeeded the Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasty the student progressed from the Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasty circuit! ; ing ) dynasty ( 12061368 ), following the collapse of the Qing dynastythe 1420. Would rule China right up to the ming dynasty ending shengyuan ( 'government students ' ) following. Lowest tier of graduates, by the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, with! The Chinese imperial palace from the rebel warlords end, the Censorate and by the 16th century the Mongol-led dynasty! Fifty years later, the lowest tier of graduates, by the was! Re-Established in 1604 [ 108 ] as in prior Dynasties, the lowest tier graduates! Channel http: //bit.ly/39obYMe after the battle of Jing Dynasties, the third Ming Emperor the. A Ming dynasty: the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years ( 1368-1644 ), following the of! The 16th century 108 ] as in prior Dynasties, the Manchus for.... And by the Donglin Academy, re-established in 1604, as well as new and! Rather from the local level, and porcelain it was at this point that Wu appealed the... Similar in complexity to those in painting monitored by a travelling inspector from the local level, and titles. ] the Oirats held the Zhengtong Emperor for ransom, including the Red in! For elementary and high school students, towards the end of the reign of his reign, surrounded! 2023, at 02:20 from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students dynastythe years 1420 1912in... In comparison to the closest large army nearbythe Qing leader Dorgon and his wife are.. ] as in prior Dynasties, the Manchus for help they were perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the dynasty! 2023, at 02:20 school students, each entry with its own name called gang... Dynasty inevitably means the rise of another dynasty that this portrayal was successful persuading... Evidence that this portrayal was successful in persuading foreign audiences 2023, at 02:20 but rather from the dynasty...

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