rice thrips scientific name

Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall, 1913) Preferred Common Name rice thrips Other Scientific Names Bagnallia biformis BAGNALL Bagnallia oryzae (Williams) Baliothrips biformis Bagnall, 1913 Baliothrips holorphnus Baliothrips oryzae Chloethrips blandus zur Strassen, 1975 Chloethrips oryzae WILLIAMS Plesiothrips oh Girault, 1929 Damage: 2. Rice thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) What it does Feeding damage caused by thrips causes leaf curling and discoloration. Tubulifera consists of a single family, Phlaeothripidae; members can be identified by their characteristic tube-shaped apical abdominal segment, egg-laying atop the surface of leaves, and three "pupal" stages. Once on the plants they mate, deposit eggs, and larvae hatch from those eggs. Flowers of this family are generally composed of a disk with a ray of petals . Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness", "Homologies and Host-Plant Specificity: Recurrent Problems in the Study of Thrips", "Molecular Identification Key for Pest Species of Scirtothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)", "Egg predation within the nests of social wasps: a new genus and species of Phlaeothripidae, and evolutionary consequences of Thysanoptera invasive behaviour", "Pollination and gene flow in chillies with. Their identification to species by standard morphological characteristics is often challenging. Rice hispa Scientific name: Dicladispa armigera Family: Chrysomelidae. [49], In the phlaeothripids that feed on fungi, males compete to protect and mate with females, and then defend the egg-mass. [62] Adults have both winged and wingless forms; in the grass thrips Anaphothrips obscurus, for example, the winged form makes up 90% of the population in spring (in temperate zones), while the wingless form makes up 98% of the population late in the summer. The larvae and adults lacerate the tender leaves and suck the plant sap causing rolling and drying of the leaf tips. See more videos on the IRRI RKB YouTube Channel, Content expert: Jo Catindig (email: j.catindig@irri.org), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), Irrigated Rice Research Consortium (IRRC), Consortium for Unfavorable Rice Environments (CURE), International Rice Information System (IRIS), damaged leaves have silvery streaks or yellowish patches, translucent epidermis becomes visible on damaged area, leaves curled from the margin to the middle, leaf tips wither off when severely infested, cream-colored eggs on leaf tissue with upper half of eggs exposed on leaf surface, yellow larvae and dark brown adults lacerate the plant tissues, leaf shows discoloration and rolling, and extensive removal of leaf tissues causes a translucent epidermis to remain. They migrate during the day and look for newly planted rice fields and other hosts. et al. Apply endosulfan 35EC @ 1.3 lit./ha or monocrotophos 36EC @1.3 lit./ha 15 days after transplanting when thrips population reaches 10-15 (adults+larvae) / hill. 11. [28][29] Besides feeding on plant tissues, the common blossom thrips feeds on pollen grains and on the eggs of mites. [13], Many thrips form galls on plants when feeding or laying their eggs. Some species are predatory, but most of them feed on pollen and the chloroplasts harvested from the outer layer of plant epidermal and mesophyll cells. to provide the timely and accurate rice statistics for the rice policymakers! Scientific name : Baliothrips biformisLocal name :Damage of Rice thrips: 1. This is essentially a pest of nurseries causing severe damage. Some species of thrips are beneficial as pollinators or as predators of other insects or mites. When the larva supplements its diet in this way, its development time and mortality is reduced, and adult females that consume mite eggs increase their fecundity and longevity. Females of the suborder Tubulifera lay their eggs singly or in small groups on the outside surfaces of plants. These may occur as curls, rolls or folds, or as alterations to the expansion of tissues causing distortion to leaf blades. Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) Distribution and status: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. In direct-seeded rice fields in Malaysia, losses can reach 100% when infestation is severe in the first 20 days, after sowing. Palm (melon) thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thripidae), is highly polyphagous, and populations can build quickly on potato. Males fight by flicking their rivals away with their abdomen, and may kill with their foretarsal teeth. Cultural practice: Flooding to submerge the infested field for 2 days as a cultural control practice is very effective against the rice thrips .. a platform for the rice farming community to access, share, discuss, update the location specific rice knowledge in local languages! Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species. It's classified as a "sap-feeding" insect that feeds off rice plants at all stages of the plant's life. . Scientific name: Ursus Arctos. [13] It has been suggested that some bird species may also be involved in the dispersal of thrips. Pests of Paddy | Agrosalai Backward rolling of leaves is the typical symptom of_____ . The two most commonspecies associated . This is essentially a pest of nurseries causing severe damage.2. [19], The phylogeny of thrips families has been little studied. If thrips population exceeds 60 numbers in 12 passes or if rolling of 1/2 area of first and 2nd leaves in 10% of seedlings is noticed ; Spray any one of the following . Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, are tiny (> 2mm long), cigar-shaped insects. Thrips are often cryptic in nature. B. A few species serve as vectors for over 20 viruses that cause plant disease, especially the Tospoviruses. This sword-like mandible is extruded when the mouth cone is compressed on plant tissue. Rice thrips are more serious pests during the dry season. In 1836 the Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday described 41 species in 11 genera and proposed the order name of Thysanoptera. variabilis. [39] This impact may fall across a broad selection of prey items, as there is considerable breadth in host affinity across the order, and even within a species, varying degrees of fidelity to a host. Rice thrips, such as Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripiade) attacks rice in Asia, South America and Europe. [3][1], The generic and English name thrips is a direct transliteration of the ancient Greek , thrips, meaning "woodworm". Other: Adult beetle is known as imago. Firefox, Google Chrome, Contributed by rkmp.or on Sat, 2011-07-30 13:46. for the rice researchers across the world to access, share, discuss research data, themes, tools & knowledge for better rice science! They feed by puncturing the epidermal (outer) layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. For most thrips species, the duration is two weeks. In Tubulifera, the Phlaeothripidae and its subfamily Idolothripinae are monophyletic. Some plants species, varieties and cultivars are more attractive to the thrips than others. Flood to submerge the infested field for two days. [23][24], Thrips are believed to have descended from a fungus-feeding ancestor during the Mesozoic,[16] and many groups still feed upon and inadvertently redistribute fungal spores. Eggs are laid in the slits of leaf blade tissue. In most Terebrantia, the males are smaller than females. Scientific Name - Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Egg : Greenish transparent eggs are deposited in the midrib of leaf blade or sheath of rice or green grass.They are laid in batches of 10 to 15 arranged in a single row. The adults are dark brown in colour while the young ones are paler. There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world, Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice). It invades rice at seedling and tillering stages and. [44] A radiation of thrips species seems to have taken place on Acacia trees in Australia; some of these species cause galls in the petioles, sometimes fixing two leaf stalks together, while other species live in every available crevice in the bark. Kathiresan - Co PI & Project Manager, Dr.R.L. The left mandible is used briefly to cut into the food plant; saliva is injected and the maxillary stylets, which form a tube, are then inserted and the semi-digested food pumped from ruptured cells. In the right conditions, such as in greenhouses, many species can exponentially increase in population size and form large swarms because of a lack of natural predators coupled with their ability to reproduce asexually, making them destructive to crops. Immatures, called larvae, look similar to adults but are even smaller and lack wings. Scotinophara coarctata, or rice black bug, is a common pest in the Philippines. Virus members include the tomato spotted wilt virus and the impatiens necrotic spot viruses. Females measure 0.6 to 0.9 mm (0.02 - 0.04 in.) In the clap part of the cycle, the wings approach each other over the insect's back, creating a circulation of air which sets up vortices and generates useful forces on the wings. Small males may sneak in to mate while the larger males are busy fighting. Kunkerkar - Co PI & Senior Scientist, Inaugural session of 53rd Annual Rice Research Group Meeting, Hon'ble Vice President of India visited Indian Institute of Rice Research on 31 March, 2018, International training program on "Critical Rice Production and Processing Tecnologies" at ICAR-IIRR, Innovation Evidence Hub Demonstration under IIRR - IRRI collaborative project on 3rd January, 2018, Technical Bulletin on AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN SULFUR DEFICIENT SOILS, Watch RKMP Live Programme broadcasted in Gemini News channel, Listen to Dr. Shaik N. Meera about RKMP (in Telugu) Radio Talk broadcasted on 5 May 2012 on AIR, Hyderabad, How to create your own Directory of Rice Researchers, Durga, A High-yelding Rice Variety for Waterlogged and Deepwater Rice Areas of Coastal Odisha, Commercialization of Rice-Fish Farming System, Production Economy of Aerobic Rice Technology, Cropping system of Aerobic Rice Technology, Irrigation management of Aerobic Rice Technology, Nutrient management of Aerobic Rice Technology, Stand establishment of Aerobic Rice Technology, Crop establishment in Aerobic Rice Technology, Suitable varieties for Aerobic Rice Technology, Hybrid Rice Seed Production Techniques (HRSPT). Larvae mature to the adult stage. [17] There are currently over six thousand species of thrips recognized, grouped into 777 extant and sixty fossil genera. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Common name- Thrips. Roughly one-half of the world population, including virtually all of East and Southeast Asia, is wholly dependent upon rice as a staple food; 95 percent of the world's rice crop is eaten by humans. Field burnt appearance. Head is wider than long. Adult thrips migrate to seedling rice from wild and cultivated hosts. In the Phlaeothripidae, the males are often larger than females and a range of sizes may be found within a population. [4] Like some other animal names such as sheep, deer, and moose, in English the word thrips is both the singular and plural forms, so there may be many thrips or a single thrips. Thrips have non-wetting bodies and have the ability to ascend a meniscus by arching their bodies and working their way head-first and upwards along the water surface in order to escape. Scientific Name - Stenchaetothrips biformis. for the rice extension professionals to access, share, discuss, update the location specific rice knowledge towards excellence in extension services! [9] Two species of Aulacothrips, A. tenuis and A. levinotus, have been found to be ectoparasites on aetalionid and membracid plant-hoppers in Brazil. Only two families of parasitoid Hymenoptera parasitize eggs and larvae, the Eulophidae and the Trichogrammatidae. "Minute pollinators: The role of thrips (Thysanoptera) as pollinators of pointleaf manzanita, "Ecology and evolution of social behaviour among Australian gall thrips and their allies", "Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production", "Cereal pests among nest parasites the story of barley thrips, Limothrips denticornis Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)", "Meniscus ascent by thrips (Thysanoptera)", "Western Flower Thrips, Management and Tospoviruses", "Evolution of asexuality via different mechanisms in grass thrips (Thysanoptera: Aptinothrips)", "Egg sizemediated sex allocation and matingregulated reproductive investment in a haplodiploid thrips species", "The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois", "A review of thrips species biting man including records in Florida and Georgia between 19861997", 10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[447:AROTSB]2.0.CO;2, "Western flower thrips in greenhouses: a review of its biological control and other methods", "Efficacy of red LED irradiation for controlling, Thrips images from the "Pests and Diseases Image Library (PaDIL)" of Australia, University of California Pest Management Guidelines for Thrips, University of California Thrips Identification, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrips&oldid=1117946640, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Black circle and heavy line: wing (rachis and bristles); Black (curved) arrows: flow; Blue arrows: induced velocity; Orange arrows: net force on wing, CISR: Center for Invasive Species Research Fact Sheets, This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 11:16. The adult thrips are day-flying. Damage caused by mite: Both larvae and adults feed on young rice plants. identification of weed plants ,commonly occurs in hilly region of Uttarakhand akanshasingh249 Scientific name of crop pest PardeepKumar585 Moth of North Bengal Part 3 Tusar Ghosal Bunts of wheat rishi0 Bioo Project ginaschool Bioo Project ginaschool Moth of North Bengal Part 6 Tusar Ghosal evs project on study of birds,insects and plants Raghu Roy Feeding damage caused by thrips causes leaf curling and discoloration. In addition to damaging plants, thrips may invade houses and infest household objects such as furniture, bedding and computer monitors in the latter case by forcing their way in between the LCD and its glass covering. (Ed.) The results indicated that the infested heart leaves by C.oryzae were first found on rice seedlings of untreated and thiamethoxam seed treatments at 7 days after sowing in 2014 ().The highest number of surviving insects on 0.25 m 2 were 70.0 4.22 in the untreated group, and then 9.5 0.65 in treatment group with the B method, while the lower were 3.5 0.65 and 4.5 0.65 in treatment . Neonate larvae feed on the soft tissues of unopened young leaves. Thrips are very small insects with thin bodies and short legs, it looks like a cigar shape. Etymology. Females of the suborder Terebrantia cut slits in plant tissue with their ovipositor, and insert their eggs, one per slit. The insects infest the base of the rice plant stem and drain it of its sap, which eventually causes it to die. Females are typically larger than males. Thrips Scientific description of Thrips (2020) Based on J. Kroschel. This injury causes desiccation and is typically not a problem, except during dry, windy conditions. Bring water to a boil in a saucepan. [28][40] Family Thripidae in particular is notorious for members with broad host ranges, and the majority of pest thrips come from this family. Abstract and Figures Thrips are important insect pests and often outbreaks at the seedling stage of rice. [75] Insecticidal soap spray is effective against thrips. The wings close, expelling air from between them, giving more useful thrust. In temperate areas, the insects migrate and hibernate on graminaceous weeds during the winter season. The life cycle of thrips is 10- 20 days and most of them live on rice or corn or weeds. [72], Flower-feeding thrips are routinely attracted to bright floral colors (including white, blue, and especially yellow), and will land and attempt to feed. [15], Thysanoptera is divided into two suborders, Terebrantia and Tubulifera; these can be distinguished by morphological, behavioral, and developmental characteristics. [13], The earliest fossils of thrips date back to the Permian (Permothrips longipennis). Females of the eight families of the Terebrantia all possess the eponymous saw-like (see terebra) ovipositor on the anteapical abdominal segment, lay eggs singly within plant tissue, and have two "pupal" stages. Other biocontrol agents of adults and larvae include anthocorid bugs of genus Orius, and phytoseiid mites. Damage: This thrips feeds almost entirely on the foliage, and large populations cause severe . [63] Thrips can survive the winter as adults or through egg or pupal diapause. Common Name: Thrips Scientific name: Thripidae (family) Biology (life cycle): Adult thrips migrate to seedling rice from wild and cultivated hosts. Wind-aided dispersal of species has been recorded over 1600km of sea between Australia and South Island of New Zealand. 3. How you can manage thrips: Four practices to discourage thrips populations and damage: 1. flushing or flooding, which drowns the insects and forces them to move up the plant, where they are more vulnerable to natural control; 2. controlling weeds, which prevents thrips from building up on alternate hosts; 3. establishing a healthy, uniform stand of rice; 4. reducing early-season stress caused by inadequate soil moisture, high winds, herbicide injury, nutrient imbalances and damage from other pest insects and diseases (Texas Rice Production Guidelines, 2012). [1] Other common names for thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, thunderblights, storm bugs, corn flies and corn lice. What percentage of fat is in rice? In severe infestation, the seedlings are killed. 3. [64][67], Many thrips are pests of commercial crops due to the damage they cause by feeding on developing flowers or vegetables, causing discoloration, deformities, and reduced marketability of the crop. Key words: Malaysia, thrips, crop, plant, diversity. This structure can be everted by means of hemolymph pressure, enabling the insect to walk on vertical surfaces. rice, ( Oryza sativa ), edible starchy cereal grain and the grass plant (family Poaceae) by which it is produced. Both larvae and adults feed on young rice plants. Smallest size - 0.6 mm (0.02 in.). Thrips injure plants by using a scraping mouth part to tear the leaf tissue, and then extract the plant liquids. The trailing edge vortices, however, cancel each other out with opposing flows. The leading edges move apart, making air rush in between them and setting up new vortices, generating more force on the wings. A correct identification of thrips species is crucial important for effective. They will quickly run or hop when disturbed. [5][6][7] The older group name "physopoda" is with reference to the bladder like tips to the tarsi of the legs. web@agcenter.lsu.edu, 106 Martin D. Woodin Hall Leaves look like burnt appearance . Thrips are small, slender-bodied insects with fringed wings, inhabiting diverse ecological niches. Pest species are plant feeders that discolor and scar leaf, flower, and fruit surfaces, and distort plant parts or vector plant pathogens. Development from egg to adult takes 8 to 20 days depending on temperature.. Habitat and Food Source(s): Thrips are characterized by having a single mandible (jaw) used for rasping. Rice thrips Scientific name: Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) Symptom: 1.Leaves damaged have silvery streaks or yellowish patches 2.Translucent epidermis becomes visible on damaged area 3.Leaves curled from the margin to the middle 4.Leaf tips wither off when severely infested 5.Unfilled grains at panicle stage lesf damage Nymph : The nymphs are soft bodied, yellow white in colour.Gradually the colour changes to green with five nymphal instars and become adults in 18-20 days. Thrips can be easily mistaken for small insects such as aphids and psyllids. Why and where it occurs. INTRODUCTION Some species in the family of Thripidae, particularly 225-578-4161 They can be collected with a small paint brush and preserved in alcohol. in length. Springer, Cham The authors of this content are Jrgen Kroschel, Norma Mujica, Joshua Okonya, Andrei Alyokhin Largest size - 2 mm (0.079 in.). The leading edges of the wings touch, and the wings rotate around their leading edges, bringing them together in the "clap". Paddy thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) Local name: Thrips nusi. Spot Nearest Research/Extension Office/Dealer. [31] Scirtothrips dorsalis carries pollen of commercially important chili peppers. The study reveals thirty-two species recorded as associated with cultivated plants in Malaysia; of these, 17 were found on more than one species of plant. Molecular sequence based approaches have increasingly been applied to their identification. T. setipennis serves as an obligate pollinator for other Australian rainforest plant species, including Myrsine howittiana and M. to thrips, Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) L. Nugaliyadde, E. Heinrichs Biology 1984 10 Vernacular name - elaipane ( ).Symptoms of damage of Thrips: Laceration of the tender leaves and suck the plant sap. Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings. Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base. Common name . [25], Mirothrips arbiter has been found in paper wasp nests in Brazil. Western flower thrips feed on a wide variety of plants including chrysanthemums, gloxinia, impatiens, tomato, vegetables and grasses. Thrips are small, slender-bodied insects with fringed wings, inhabiting diverse ecological niches. Which state is the largest producer of paddy? (2020) Insect Pests Affecting Potatoes in Tropical, Subtropical, and Temperate Regions. Flight-capable thrips have two similar, strap-like pairs of wings with a fringe of bristles. They range in size from 0.5 to 14mm (0.02 to 0.55in) in length for the larger predatory thrips, but most thrips are about 1mm in length. 2-2.5%. Slender and elongate body shape. thrips, (order Thysanoptera), any of approximately 5,000 species of insects that are among the smallest of the winged insects and are abundant in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. The adults are pale in color with black, feathery wings and dark spots forming incomplete stripes on the top of the abdomen. Periods of dry weather favor the development of the rice thrips. A preliminary analysis in 2013 of 37 species using 3 genes, as well as a phylogeny based on ribosomal DNA and three proteins in 2012, supports the monophyly of the two suborders, Tubulifera and Terebrantia. The upper half of the egg is exposed. Please see the Rice section of the Insect Pest Management Guide on the LSU AgCenter's Management Guides webpage. [13], Thrips are haplodiploid with haploid males (from unfertilised eggs, as in Hymenoptera) and diploid females capable of parthenogenesis (reproducing without fertilisation), many species using arrhenotoky, a few using thelytoky. 2. [30], Some flower-feeding thrips pollinate the flowers they are feeding on, and some authors suspect that they may have been among the first insects to evolve a pollinating relationship with their host plants. Both species are annual grasses (except in the tropics, where the plant can be perennial) belonging to the family Poaceae which are cultivated for their grain which is considered a staple food in most parts of the world. Add rice and stir into water. [68] Over 20 plant-infecting viruses are known to be transmitted by thrips, but perversely, less than a dozen of the described species are known to vector tospoviruses. Photo by Drees. Thrips are picked up along with grass in the nests of birds and can be transported by the birds. Development progresses through two larval stages (instars), a pre-pupal non-feeding stage that crawls down into the soil, and a pupal resting stage from which adults emerge. The life history of the rice thrips, Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall), and the effects of plant age, adult density, and temperature on fecundity and population growth were determined. Common Name: Thrips Other species are primitively eusocial and form plant galls and still others are predatory on mites and other thrips. Immature thrips are similar to adults but are wingless. This is a serious pest in uplands of Sikkim andjhum lands ofTripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. Immature thrips are similar to adults but are wingless. Rice thrips Scientific name: Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) Symptom: 1.Leaves damaged have silvery streaks or yellowish patches 2.Translucent epidermis becomes visible on damaged area 3.Leaves curled from the margin to the middle 4.Leaf tips wither off when severely infested 5.Unfilled grains at panicle stage lesf damage All rights reserved 2011 riceportal.in. Order: Thysanoptera. The two largest thrips subfamilies, Phlaeothripinae and Thripinae, are paraphyletic and need further work to determine their structure. [35] [8][9][10], Thrips are small hemimetabolic insects with a distinctive cigar-shaped body plan. They are usually noticed after their feeding injury has caused the seedlings to take on a yellow color and a stunted appearance.What should you look for: Thrips often can be found on the leaf sheath near the collar or inside the leaf sheath. The contents of the opened cells are then sucked in through the cone. Many species feed only on leaves, whilst others only on flowers, however very few eat both. Click for a hub of Extension resources related to the current COVID-19 situation. [62] When coupled with the increasing globalization of trade and the growth of greenhouse agriculture, thrips, unsurprisingly, are among the fastest growing group of invasive species in the world. These insects are present in all rice environments. [61] The adult stage can be reached in around 815 days; adults can live for around 45 days. These live among leaf litter or on dead wood and are important members of the ecosystem, their diet often being supplemented with pollen. Rice Black Bug. They fly only weakly and their feathery wings are unsuitable for conventional flight; instead, thrips exploit an unusual mechanism, clap and fling, to create lift using an unsteady circulation pattern with transient vortices near the wings. Many thrips species are pests of commercially important crops. [45], While poorly documented, chemical communication is believed to be important to the group. Identification Spiny body is the characteristics identification mark. No standing water in the rice fields encourages damage. Examples include F. occidentalis, Thrips simplex, and Thrips palmi. [16] The extant family Merothripidae most resembles these ancestral Thysanoptera, and is probably basal to the order. Encourage biological control agents: predatory thrips, coccinellid beetles, anthocorid bugs, and staphylinid beetles. Place a lid on the pot and reduce heat to low-medium. In Louisiana, the number of thrips in rice field is usually below levels justifying treatment, but they may increase rapidly under favorable conditions and yield losses can occur. Damage symptoms. Stem feeder/ Internal feeder.
Two Dots Daily Reward Not Working 2022, How To Reset Transaction Password In Pnb Net Banking, Calvin Klein Microfiber Low Rise Trunks, 1st Grade Math Standards Near Netherlands, Have Status - Crossword Clue, Cruise Tips Tv Travel Agent, Aloft Overhead Crossword Clue, 3d Surround Music Player Unlocked Apk, Creative Fabrica Activating Subscription,