During the Renaissance and the Baroque eras, dugongs were often exhibited in wunderkammers. [12], Dugong dugon is the only extant species of the family Dugongidae, and one of only four extant species of the Sirenia order, the others forming the manatee family. In some areas, water salinity is increased due to wastewater, and it is unknown how much salinity seagrass can withstand. 4.403. Daily movement is affected by the tides. They are an informal group unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding. Deep waters may provide a thermal refuge from cooler waters closer to the shore during winter. [68] The Gulf of Thailand was historically home to large number of the animals, but none have been sighted in the west of the gulf in recent years,[13] and the remaining population in the east is thought to be very small and possibly declining. There was a decrease in toxicity when calcium chloride and calcium sulfate were used together, but there was an increase with calcium chloride and no significant difference with calcium sulfate. [18] The population of Shark Bay is thought to be stable with over 10,000 dugongs. Especially worrisome are potential irreversible climate tipping points and nature's reinforcing feedbacks (atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial) that could lead to a catastrophic hothouse Earth, well beyond the control of humans (Steffen et al. In a research published in August 2022, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported that the Dugong appears to be functionally extinct in Chinese coastal waters. [18] Dugongs in Moreton Bay, Australia, are omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates such as polychaetes[96] or marine algae when the supply of their choice grasses decreases. Plans exist to build a military base close to the Henoko reef, and military activity also adds the threats of noise pollution, chemical pollution, soil erosion, and exposure to depleted uranium. Increasing concentrations of sulfate in eutrophic lakes has gained a lot of attention. [122], Marine mammal, sole living member of the family Dugongidae. [18] The Technical University of Madrid was the first university to link their Loop profile to their institutional website. The waters around Borneo support a small population, with more scattered throughout the Malay archipelago. [18] Capturing animals for research has caused only one or two deaths;[13] dugongs are expensive to keep in captivity due to the long time mothers and calves spend together, and the inability to grow the seagrass that dugongs eat in an aquarium. MF22039 Abstract | MF22039 Full Text |MF22039PDF (1.3 MB) Open Access Article. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK (JMBA) is an international journal, publishing original research and reviews on all aspects of marine biology, to support the aims of the MBA.The topics of present interest for JMBA are: - Marine ecology, behaviour and fisheries; - Biodiversity and population studies of marine ecosystems, especially potential impacts of Results indicated that mangrove trees influence fiddler crabs indirectly at the population level, by modulating physicochemical and biological variables. [44] Beall deleted his blacklist in January 2017. If you are interested in being active on the board and supporting our goal to increase the impact of the journal in the scientific community then please click here for more information. Take a look back at some of our articles from years past. Science for Environment Policy (SfEP) is a free news and information service published by the Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV) of the European Commission.It is designed to help busy policymakers keep up-to-date with the latest environmental research findings needed to design, implement and regulate effective policies. Open Access options available. ", "Vietnam to host first Dugong Festival on Phu Quoc Island", "Swimming with the mermaids in Northern Palawan", "Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines Formally Joins the DENR as Conservation Partner", "Plastic trash threatens dugong survival in Palawan", "Long-Distance Oceanic Movement of a Solitary Dugong(Dugong dugon) to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories", "Dugongs functionally extinct in Chinese waters, study finds", Featured Project Removing the Veil of Mystery from the Seagrass Beds of Dongsha Atoll National Park|Dongsha Atoll, "OPRF 158", "Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: observational and experimental evidence for cultivation grazing", "The Dugong (Dugong Dugon (Muller)) in the Seagrass System", "Testosterone and tusks: Maturation and seasonal reproductive patterns of live, free-ranging male dugongs (, "Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals", "Crying Dugongs and Ocean Encounters in Southeast Asia", "Abu Dhabi's restoration efforts bring hope for extinction-prone dugongs", "NGOs block gillnet fishing across 100,000 sq km of Great Barrier Reef", Twenty-three countries unite in Abu Dhabi to conserve the dugong, "Pity the Dugongs: U.S. DOD Says Court Has No Jurisdiction", " - : nikkansports.com", "Protesters kept at bay as Okinawan seabed survey for relocating U.S. air station gets under way", "Little-known dugong center stage at Sea World bash", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugong&oldid=1119025935, Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius Mller, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from March 2022, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Cebuano-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 October 2022, at 09:12. [13] An endangered population of 50 or fewer dugongs, possibly as few as three individuals, survives[76] around Okinawa. [13] A calf will only leave its mother once it has matured. The Queensland population grows slower and to smaller sizes than does the southern population. The journal welcomes original research papers and review articles. The dugong (/ d (j) u /; Dugong dugon) is a marine mammal.It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees.It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century. This study shows a fishing pressure gradient with an increasing distance from town. A suivre sur Twitter: #RacketInTheOceans! Quiet-Oceans a reu des mains de Sgolne Royal, Ministre de lEnvironnement, de lnergie et de la Mer, charge des Relations internationales sur le climat, la rcompense pour son projet Smart-PAM. 141. Ecology & Society has been publishing since 1997. Racket In The Oceans Ce systme innovant dvelopp en partenariat avec la socit Sonsetc, spin-off du Laboratoire dApplications Bioacoustiques de lEcole Polytechnique de Barcelone (Espagne) et lAgence des Aires Marines Protges (France) contribuera ainsi au bon tat des cosystmes marins. [89], It has been confirmed that dugongs once inhabited the water of the Mediterranean[90][91] possibly until after the rise of civilizations along the inland sea. The molar teeth are simple and peg-like, unlike the more elaborate molar dentition of manatees. [30] Females tend to be larger than males. Within the Alboran Sea (which constitutes the entry point into the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean) such associated communities show striking differences among co-existing macroalgae and according to their geographical position; species related to warmer waters become increasingly dominant towards the east. Contactez-nous pour en savoir plus. CALL FOR PAPERS Topical Collection: Biodiversity in Abyssal Polymetallic Nodule Areas Submit your paper before January 1, 2023 Topical Collection: Biodiversity and Ecology of the Wadden Sea under changing environments Submit your paper before December 1, 2022. [77] New sightings of a cow and calf have been reported in 2017, indicating a possible breeding had occurred in these waters. They also have a strong tactile sense, and feel their surroundings with their long sensitive bristles. Login to your account. A journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability. Extreme weather such as cyclones and floods can destroy hundreds of square kilometres of seagrass meadows, as well as washing dugongs ashore. [20] They can go six minutes without breathing (though about two and a half minutes is more typical),[95] and have been known to rest on their tail to breathe with their heads above water. The 5-year Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past five years have been cited in the JCR year. Bursting the bubble on home-range bias with fine-scale PIT telemetry. Cette confrence,organise par lObservatoire pour lInnovation Responsable, est un think tank indpendant cr pour dbattre de lmergence de nouvelles mesures, concepts et mthodes afin de favoriser linnovation responsable. [13] Dugongs are relatively slow-moving, swimming at around 10km/h (3m/s). [13] Nonetheless, they can tolerate the brackish waters found in coastal wetlands,[33] and large numbers are also found in wide and shallow mangrove channels and around leeward sides of large inshore islands, where seagrass beds are common. Open Access Article. [13] Once distributed throughout the coastal belt in Sri Lanka, the dugong numbers have declined in last two decades. [11] It is known as the balguja by the Wunambal people of the Mitchell Plateau area in the Kimberley, Western Australia. 4.403. The journal publishes papers on all functional and evolutionary aspects of genes, chromatin, chromosomes and (meta)genomes of marine (and freshwater) organisms. MF22155 Abstract | MF22155 Full Text |MF22155PDF (2.4 MB) The south-western North Pacific is one of the main spawning grounds of the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and is targeted by Japanese longline fisheries. This drew anger from the authors of the paper, who called the move "censorship". AIMS AND SCOPE OF JOURNAL: The Annual Review of Marine Science, in publication since 2009, provides a perspective on the field of marine science.The journal draws from diverse topics within the major disciplines of coastal and blue water oceanography (biological, chemical, geological and physical) as well as subjects in ecology, conservation and technological developments Plastic debris in the marine environment provides a durable substrate that can be colonized by microorganisms and supports the growth of microbial biofilms. [22] Newborns are already 1.2 metres (4ft) long and weigh around 30 kilograms (65lb). [115] The construction is expected to seriously damage the dugong population's habitat, possibly leading to local extinction. Sampling the mobile fauna that use oyster reefs as habitat is difficult because ofthe complex nature of the reef and the often turbid conditions found within estuaries. The microplastics in the surface waters of the Paraba do Sul River is significantly influenced by the rainfall regime. The dugong is the only sirenian in its range, which spans the waters of some 40 countries and territories throughout the Indo-West Pacific. [55], A study published in Frontiers in Virology in February 2022 said that Moderna had patented a 19 nucleotide genetic sequence uniquely matching a part of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein three years prior to the pandemic, arguing it was evidence that the virus was manufactured as part of a lab leak conspiracy. The journal publishes primary research articles, technical advances, research reviews, commentaries and letters. Complying with environmental thresholds assures the sustainability of fisheries. Global Change Biology defines global change as any consistent trend in the [114] In August 2014, preliminary drilling surveys were conducted around the seagrass beds there. Marine Environmental Research publishes original research papers on chemical, physical, and biological interactions in the oceans and coastal waters.The journal serves as a forum for new information on biology, chemistry, and toxicology and syntheses that advance understanding of marine environmental processes. Generalised additive models showed that the distribution of common species is bathymetric and geographically dependent. We found that the assemblage differed with depth and within an offshore distance of less than 1km, and total cover was highest at shallow depths. If you are interested in the role please contact Carol Clark, Senior Journals Publishing Manager [20] In some populations, males will establish a territory which females in estrus will visit. Marine mammals form a diverse group of 129 species that rely on the ocean for their existence. We found no evidence that sharks were attracted by the pen or stayed in the region for extended periods because of the pen. Hunting, catching, and harassment are banned by the People's Republic of China. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100984, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100991, Adrin Gonzlez-Castillo, Eric Bautista-Guerrero, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100994, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100995, Gustavo Nez-Acua, Cristian Gallardo-Escrate, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100980, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100971, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2022.100981, The journal publishes papers on all functional and evolutionary aspects of, Bimodal distribution of seafloor microbiota diversity and function are associated with marine aquaculture, Bacterial diversity associated with the excavating sponge, Complete genome sequence of the denitrifying, Transcriptome profiling of the early developmental stages in the giant mussel, Amplicon sequence variant-based meiofaunal community composition revealed by DADA2 tool is compatible with species composition, Complete genome sequencing and analysis revealed the nitrogen utilization strategy of a novel. MF22063 Abstract | MF22063 Full Text |MF22063PDF (5.2 MB) [102], Dugongs feature in Southeast Asian, especially Austronesian, folklore. Catch-data analysis and age estimation indicate that the spatiotemporal variability of active breeding was influenced by age composition. Ingestion of microplastic provides a potential pathway for the transfer of pollutants, monomers, and plastic-additives to organisms with uncertain consequences for their health. It deals with new genome-enabled insights into the broader framework of environmental science. |MF22014Supplementary Material (1.2 MB) Feeding trails have been observed as deep as 33 metres (108ft), and dugongs have been seen feeding as deep as 37 metres (121ft). If successful, such an indicator would be highly beneficial to water management and may also improve the conversation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Skip to Main Content. Knowing when and where plants are accessing and using groundwater is a major challenge for water managers. Despite common misconception, the term does not come from Malay duyung and it does not mean "lady of the sea" (Mermaid). Trends in Ecology & Evolution publishes commissioned, peer-reviewed articles in all areas of ecology and evolutionary science. Quiet-Oceans prsentera Paris les rsultats obtenus lors du projet BIAS, en partenariat avec FOI et Aquabiota lors de la Confrence Internationale sur le Bruit Sous-Marin Racket in the Oceans. We acknowledge their continuing connection to their culture, their contribution to our shared knowledge, and pay our respects to their Elders past and present. The main emphasis of the , University of Pennsylvania Department of Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Oregon State University Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Newport, Oregon, United States of America, Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The journal is collaborating in this special issue withCurrent Research in Environmental SustainabilityandJournal of Sea Research on , Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Intergenerational effects of ocean acidification on reproductive traits of an estuarine copepod, High sclerobiont calcification in marginal reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific, Habitat suitability of drift macroalgae in two shallow coastal estuaries of the northern Gulf of Mexico, Body colourations affect predation risk from fish in fiddler crabs, Constraints in using relative biomass as a measure of competitive success in phytoplankton A review, Survival and growth of coral recruits in varying group sizes, Male acoustic display in the sand goby Essential cue in female choice, but unaffected by supplemental feeding. [13], Most dugongs do not feed on lush areas, but where the seagrass is more sparse. Additional factors such as protein concentration and regenerative ability also affect the value of a seagrass bed. Most issues with industrial fishing occur in deeper waters where dugong populations are low, with local fishing being the main risk in shallower waters. Frontiers Media SA is a publisher of peer-reviewed open access scientific journals currently active in science, technology, and medicine.It was founded in 2007 by Kamila and Henry Markram, and later expanded to other academic fields. Their ears, which lack pinnae, are located on the sides of their head. For a population to remain stable, 95 percent of adults must survive the span of one year. [13], Halophila ovalisone of the dugong's preferred species of seagrassdeclines rapidly due to lack of light, dying completely after 30 days. Topics within the scope of this journal include: Population genomics and ecology [47] In the Seychelles, dugongs had been regarded as extinct in 18th century[48] until a small number was discovered around the Aldabra Atoll. The journal publishes high quality papers in the areas of molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, cell biology, and biochemistry, and particularly [19] The tail has deep notches. 2018). [13], A single dugong lives at Cocos (Keeling) Islands although the animal is thought to be a vagrant.[74][75]. The journal publishes high quality papers in the areas of molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, cell biology, and biochemistry, and particularly [19] Despite the longevity of the dugong, which may live for 50 years or more, females give birth only a few times during their life, and invest considerable parental care in their young. [51] It has since been retracted. Cyanobacteria decomposition enhances sulfate reduction leading to the release of sulfide, which inhibits the activities and abundance of microorganisms because of its toxicity. En partenariat avec le monde de la recherche, Quiet-Oceans contribue comprendre les effets des bruits sous-marins sur la vie aquatique. Take a look back at some of our articles from years past. [20], Females give birth after a 13- to 15-month gestation, usually to just one calf. Seagrasses of a lower seral are preferred, where the area has not fully vegetated. Plastic debris <1 mm (defined here as microplastic) is accumulating in marine habitats. [37] Reasons for this drastic population loss include illegal poaching, oil spills and net entanglement. [23], A dugong's brain weighs a maximum of 300g (11oz), about 0.1% of the animal's body weight. [18], Local fishermen in Southern China traditionally revered dugongs and regarded them as "miraculous fish". H Index. In languages like Ilocano, Mapun, Yakan, Tausug, and Kadazan Dusun of the Philippines and Sabah, the name for dugongs is a synonym for "mermaid". [18] The chemical structure and composition of the seagrass is important, and the grass species most often eaten are low in fiber, high in nitrogen, and easily digestible. Here, we develop a mitochondrial 16S rRNA metabarcoding assay, capable of detecting multiple aquatic and semi-aquatic reptile species from environmental samples. [18], Dugongs, along with other sirenians, are referred to as "sea cows" because their diet consists mainly of seagrass. Australias deep sea may be protected, but Australian scientists and research institutes should focus on establishing long-term research programs to understand what is there and whether it is changing. However, in a system with high iron ion concentrations, reducing sulfide is rapidly bound, and its toxic effect on microorganisms is significantly inhibited, thereby eliminating its significant influence on the nitrogen dynamics and nitrogen oxide production. They have disappeared from the waters of Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Taiwan, as well as parts of Cambodia, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. [78] A single individual was recorded at Amami shima, at the northernmost edge of the dugong's historic range, more than 40 years after the last previous recorded sighting. Submission of multidisciplinary studies is encouraged. However, hunting dugongs is considered taboo in some areas of Vanuatu. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This population possibly shared ancestry with the Red Sea population, and the Mediterranean population had never been large due to geographical factors and climate changes. It has thick, smooth skin that is a pale cream colour at birth, but darkens dorsally and laterally to brownish-to-dark-grey with age. "[12], In June 2015, Retraction Watch referred to the publisher as one with "a history of badly handled and controversial retractions and publishing decisions". [18] Dugong movements mostly occur within a localized area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic patterns of movement. Authorship Map please see right sidebar for options. The slow growth rates modelled here, coupled with high site fidelity, suggest that the species is vulnerable to overexploitation. You may have arrived at this page because you followed a link to one of our old platforms that cannot be redirected. [18] Once born, they stay close to their mothers, possibly to make swimming easier. Mozambique has had legislation to protect dugongs since 1955, but this has not been effectively enforced. Topics within the scope of this journal include: Population genomics and ecology When eating they ingest the whole plant, including the roots,[18] although when this is impossible they will feed on just the leaves. are frequently caught as bycatch in the North Aegean Sea; however, little information exists on their biology and ecology. [13] It was first classified by Mller in 1776 as Trichechus dugon,[14] a member of the manatee genus previously defined by Linnaeus. We used acoustic imaging sonar to estimate abundance and size of fishes on fringing, intertidal oyster reefs in South Carolina, USA, and recommend a data processing protocol to standardise future studies utilising this promising, non-lethal sampling methodology. Open Access Article. Marine Policy is the leading journal of ocean policy studies. The official blog for Molecular Ecology and Molecular Ecology Resources featuring: Interviews with authors; Highlighted research from each issue; Unique insight into papers published in both journals; [18] Dugongs have two teats, one located behind each flipper. are frequently caught as bycatch in the North Aegean Sea; however, little information exists on their biology and ecology. Sharks are frequently caught as bycatch in the North Aegean Sea; however, little information exists on their biology and ecology. [42] In Mozambique, most of the remaining local populations are very small and the largest (about 120 individuals) occurs at Bazaruto Island,[43] but they have become rare in historical habitats such as in Maputo Bay and on Inhaca Island. Plastic debris in the marine environment provides a durable substrate that can be colonized by microorganisms and supports the growth of microbial biofilms. [66], In Thailand, the present distribution of dugongs is restricted to six provinces along the Andaman Sea,[67] and very few dugongs are present in the Gulf of Thailand. Communication between individuals is through chirps, whistles, barks, and other sounds that echo underwater. [116], The Australian state of Queensland has sixteen dugong protection parks, and some preservation zones have been established where even Aboriginal Peoples are not allowed to hunt. Fisheries Management and Ecology is proud to be a feeder title to the new Open Access journal Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries!. Detected pathogens include helminths, cryptosporidium, different types of bacterial infections, and other unidentified parasites. [13] There is evidence that male dugongs lose fertility at older ages. Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; CHU de [23] The flexible and muscular upper lip is used to dig out the plants. Cambridge Core is the new academic platform from Cambridge University Press, replacing our previous platforms; Cambridge Journals Online (CJO), Cambridge Books Online (CBO), University Publishing Online (UPO), Cambridge Histories Online (CHO), Open Access Article. Dugongs are protected throughout Australia, although the rules vary by state; in some areas, indigenous hunting is allowed. Browse through the biggest community of researchers available online on ResearchGate, the professional scientific network for scientists Japan has listed dugongs as endangered and has banned intentional kills and harassment. Frontiers is based in Lausanne, Switzerland, with other offices in London, Madrid, Seattle and Brussels. The tomistoma (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a large, slender-snouted crocodilian native to South-East Asia. [69] Dugongs are believed to exist in the Straits of Johor in very small numbers. This research describes distribution, movements, site fidelity and estimates of growth rates for the bronze whaler shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) in southern Africa. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century. Open Access Article. Tank bromeliads are crucial for survival of several species. AV11 was studied. The official blog for Molecular Ecology and Molecular Ecology Resources featuring: Interviews with authors; Highlighted research from each issue; Unique insight into papers published in both journals; This journal welcomes contributions that support and advance the UN's sustainable development goals, in particular SDG 13, (Climate Action) SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 15 (Life on land) The following are examples of what the editors consider to demonstrate very well the kind of review article that ESR hopes to publish: [19] As soon as the young is born the mother pushes it to the surface to take a breath. They are actively hunted in these regions, in some places to near-extinction. The last major worldwide study, made in 2002, concluded that the dugong was declining and possibly extinct in a third of its range, with unknown status in another half. The East Afircan population that is genetically distinct from those of the Red Sea and those off Madagascar. [citation needed], Dugongs have historically provided easy targets for hunters, who killed them for their meat, oil, skin, and bones. This is the most significant negative factor affecting seagrass. We work cooperatively with the New England and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Councils, and the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission to develop, review, and implement fishery management plans in federal waters (from 3 to 200 nautical miles). Featured Topic block please see right sidebar for options. Large numbers of dugongs live to the north of the Northern Territory, with a population of over 20,000 in the gulf of Carpentaria alone. At higher latitudes dugongs make seasonal travels to reach warmer water during the winter. Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biology, City, Quebec, Canada, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Burnley, Victoria, Australia, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Future Earth Montreal Hub, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Social-Ecological Systems Institute (SESI), Leuphana University, Lneburg, Germany, Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Institute of Environmental Planning, Leibniz Universitt Hannover, Hannover, Germany, Using Q-methodology to bridge different understandings on community forest management: lessons from the Peruvian Amazon, Its like a connection between all of us: Inuit social connections and caribou declines in Labrador, Canada, Panarchy: the Metaphor, the Theory, the Challenges, and the Road Ahead, The Many Facets of Forest Resilience in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Land Acquisitions, Well-being, and Environment, Deeper Water: Exploring Barriers and Opportunities for the Emergence of Adaptive Water Governance, A new framework for flood adaptation: introducing the Flood Adaptation Hierarchy, How food-system resilience is undermined by the weather: the case of the Rama Indigenous group, Nicaragua, Creating a climate changed future with the sea level rise interactive-fiction game Lagos2199, Inequalities in the adaptive cycle: reorganizing after disasters in an unequal world, Using meaningful places as an indicator for sense of place in the management of social-ecological systems, Evaluating pathways to social and ecological landscape resilience, Informal Participatory Platforms for Adaptive Management. These flukes are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, and can be twisted to turn.
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