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Holes made by slugs are larger, with smooth edges, while those caused by diseases feature discolored patches or contrasting margins. For example, some species of flea beetle larvae emerge in mid- to late spring and adults emerge in mid-summer through fall: by planting earlier or later, you can avoid flea beetle larval feeding, adult emergence, and peak adult feeding activity. Chewing damage on leaves results in a characteristic pitting or shot-holing. September. Spray the mixture on the foliage of garden plants . Bug Vacuums for plants survive fl ea-beetle attack. Photo credit: Joyce Parker, AAAS S&T Policy Fellow EPA. To be effective, the trap crop must be more appealing to the pest than the cash crop. Parasites and predators. Below are the most effective organic flea beetle control methods you can try in your own garden Use Neem Oil For Flea Beetles Neem oil is a naturally occurring insecticide that kills bugs, and it works great for treating flea beetles organically. Flea beetles overwinter as adults in protected areas under soil clods, plant debris, and weeds. For example, to minimize the accumulation of damage from tuber flea beetle larvae, plant and harvest potatoes earlier in the season as tuber damage from tuber flea beetles will increase as the flea beetle population grows (Ambrosino, 2008). BotaniGard Maxx & other B. bassiana sprays infect and kill adult flea beetles. Pleasant, B. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 285-308. The mixture of chemical profiles the diverse trap crop contained may have also enhanced its effectiveness. ncsu.edu/AG295/html/fl ea_beetles.htm Eco-Farm & Garden. Symptoms of fl ea beetle feeding are small, vegetation until crop plants become available. Preventive steps that you can take include: Growing certain strong-smelling plants in the garden that tend to repel flea beetles. It is important to note that living mulches can compete with cash crops for nutrients, space, and water, sometimes reducing yield, and thus it may be best to plant living mulches in alleyways between crop beds (Hooks and Johnson, 2004). p. 12. well as cultural and chemical controls. Flea Beetles. Small that garlic extracts are successful in suppressing growers, whose whole crop may comprise just a fl ea beetles, but effi cacy may trail off later in the few rows, will need to act more quickly. Available for purchase online at: Knodel, J., and D. Olson. Organic methods Make a sticky trap Exploit the beetles' habit of jumping by catching them with a sticky trap. Full-grown larvae are about three to four millimetres (0.1 to 0.2 of an inch) long. Fax: 413-383-2836 Nielsen, G.R. Flea Beetles by W.S. University of Vermont Extension, Brattleboro, VT. This article examines the general biology and management of flea beetles attacking cruciferous and solanaceous crops within organic farming systems. Tip: Trap crops, such as mustard and radish, can be planted near garden areas to draw pests away. Use 70% Neem Oil to Kill Flea Beetles Neem oil spray comes in the least toxic chemicals with excellent benefits. potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers). Also a multi-pronged approach I have found to be most beneficial. Available at: Berry, R. E., and P. Mooney. 2006. Buy 10 for $15.29 each. In the bok choy patch, these organic methods SAVED our green harvest. Some fl ea beetles are stems, and foliage (Hines and Hutchinson, 1997). These flea beetles only feed on brassica crops; those found on corn or solanaceous crops are different species. They are one of the first insects that attack your veggie garden each year. Available at: Antonelli, A. L., and R. M. Davidson. Ready for some good news? 7a), big eyed bugs (Geocoris spp.) NCAT Agriculture Cultural and biological options are discussed along with alternative pesticidal materials. So, the same leafy greens that are riddled with flea beetle holes in spring may be clean as a whistle when grown as an autumn crop. 1997. Bohinc, D. M., and S. Trdan. Depending on location, one to multiple generations of flea beetles are completed annually. Clean row covers may last longer since soil particles can abrade and tear these covers (Pleasant, 2008). Although little research has been done to identify specific living mulches and ground covers that are effective in flea beetle suppression, in general, living mulches can consist of legumes such as clover and vetch. Larvae are small, cream-colored worms (1/8 1/3 inch long). Maletta, M. et al. 1998. Generalist predators that have been known to feed on flea beetle adults. [Online]. Vegetable Crop Pests. Flea beetles are so small that identifying them is tricky, though you can certainly catch a few with a yellow or white sticky trap and look at them with a magnifying glass. Eggs: Minute, white, laid in the soil. Nappa Cabbage, gai choy, and choy sum are some of the most preferred crop hosts. Adults: Shiny black or brown, some with white or yellow stripes, 1/10" oval-shaped beetles that jump when disturbed. The most likely culprits are tiny flea beetles the size of a pinhead that jump away and hide at the slightest disturbance. Trap crop experiments conducted in Connecticut showed eggplant flea beetles preferred the elongated Italian or Japanese eggplant variety Vittoria to standard eggplant and tomato varieties (Grubinger, 2004). As I mentioned in a post earlier this week, Arthropod Management Tests (AMTs), a journal published by the Entomological Society of America, is a great first source for pesticide efficacy data. Research in Colorado showed borders be attempted fi rst (Anon., 1997). More than 200 species of insect pests from 100 insect families are susceptible to these insect predators. Quite a bit of research has been done in search of reliable organic controls for crucifer flea beetles. Adults of some flea beetle species can be difficult to tell apart. Photo credits: (a) Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org; (b) Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; (c and d) Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; (e) G. H. Spitler, Washington State University; (f) Ken Gray, courtesy of Oregon State University. What You'll Learn Identification, Biology, and Distribution Life Cycle Flea Beetle Types Damage Caused Organic Control Methods Cultural Planting Schedules Sanitation Till the Soil Trap Crops Mulches Companion Plants Although row covers can be expensive and unwieldy if used to cover large areas, they can be reused for many years if carefully handled (Chasson, 2010). Commonly shiny black, but some have a yellow stripe down each wing case, some even come in a dark metallic blue. Mother Earth News. Are you tired of the tiny holes in your leafy greens? The traditional organic approach to controlling flea beetles has been to resort to the application of an organic pesticide such as pyrethrins or rotenone. 5.) Organic Flea Beetle Control Entomology Seed corn and cabbage maggots Spotted Wing Drosophila Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Peppers Stink Bug Damage Stink Bugs Bad in Some Tomato Fields, But it is Not BMSB Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Populations Striped cucumber beetle populations still very high Yeast Transmission by BMSB They quickly leap out of sight when disturbed. No date. 2001. Adult Flea Beetles On Flower. Ground beetles consume the tiny larvae, and spiders harvest many adults. Flea beetles. For more information, refer to eOrganic's articles on organic certification. It is recom- mended for use on fl ea beetles, cucumber bee- tles, Mexican bean beetles, squash bugs, aphids, mites, and Colorado potato beetle. Available online at: Hooks, C., and M. Johnson. By George Kuepper, NCAT Agriculture Specialist Dept. They derived their name from their distinct ability to jump, just like fleas. This can help plants outgrow the injury caused by flea beetle feeding (Burkness and Hahn, 2007). Yet unexpected population spikes can occur, with the organic control method of choice being an organic spinosad spray. The major flea beetle pests in organic brassicas and solanaceous crops in North America are listed in Tables 1 and 2, and images of adults are shown in Figures 2 and 3. To learn more, visit www.gardensalive.com. p. fi les/docs/pdf/ib08.pdf A.7-A.8. Further damage may be done by the larvae, the greatest damage by feeding on cotyledons, energy projects. 1999. Flea beetle feeding on plants in the Brassicaceae and Solanaceae families can scar foliage and potato tubers, leading to reduced marketable yields and potential total crop loss. Dirty row covers can be hosed down with water, but it is important to let them dry completely before storing (Pleasant, 2008). When it is no longer sticky, replace the trap. Northwest Potato Research Consortium. broccoli, kale, cabbage, collards), and Solanaceae (e.g. Shake well and spray on plants. Learn safe, effective flea beetle control using proven, organic solutionshere. Leaves are covered with small holes that are necrotic areas left after feeding of the flea beetle adults. Pale-striped flea beetle is twice the size of others. Vegetable crop fact sheet. Organically Acceptable Methods Use cultural controls in an organically certified crop. VR777OFd-TZ www.vegedge.umn.edu/vegpest/colecrop/fl ea.htm A webinar exploring the use of trap crops, stands of plants Long, Cheryl. These hind legs give the insect its common name. For example, a perimeter trap crop (Fig. Th is is especially critical with fl ea beetles, cates that it "may provide partial control" only since a small population can do signifi cant dam- (Anon., 1997; Nielsen, 1997). Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW0550. There are one to four generations per year, depending on species and climate. Botanical and soap-based pesticides should be considered a last resort in organic management. Tiny white eggs are laid on or in soil cracks around the base of plants. Evaluation of Surround for Pest Suppliers Control on Eggplant. In addition, scars on potato tubers from below-ground feeding can reduce marketability, while scars on foliage from above-ground feeding may render produce unmarketable. Neem oil, an organic pesticide, is a natural insecticide. Most flea beetles overwinter in the adult stage in plant debris in the field, on field margins, and in adjacent areas. Ooi, Bugwood.org; (d) Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org. In fact, this is where we published our organic insecticide flea beetle efficacy trial.In this experiment, we measured flea beetle mortality on leaves treated in the lab or in the field with Pyganic 1 . When such Season Extension Trap cropping, in which attractive plant spe- confl icts occur, growers can view sanitation pro- Techniques for Market cies are planted near the main crop to draw the cedures as transitional strategies only and look for Gardeners pest away, off ers some possibilities for fl ea-bee- more sustainable practices to use in the future. Flea beetles are common garden pests found throughout the Pacific Northwest. Flea Beetle: Organic Control Options 1. Figure 5. Flea beetles are common garden pests found throughout the Pacific Northwest. Remove weeds along field margins to prevent adult flea beetles from moving into the crop from weeds. Figure 4: Larva of a western black flea beetle. Leafy spurge control using flea beetles (Apthona spp.). Potato flea beetles have numerous natural enemies and seldom reach damaging numbers in a diversified organic garden. More information on flea beetles used for weed biological control can be found in this North Dakota State University fact sheet. 1992. The e-mail does not appear to be correct. * Most flea beetles feed on a narrow range of host plants. An alternative method includes planting potatoes later in the season when the temperatures are warmer. Different flea beetles have different host ranges. Rateavers, San Diego, CA. job of protecting them. It is important to note, however, that trap crops may not provide complete protection, especially during heavy pest infestations when the pest will spill over to the cash crop. NCAT Agriculture . May-June. Figure 2. Flea beetles are most active in spring when adults emerge and their feeding can severely damage seedling plants. Particularly troublesome weeds are volunteer host plants such as weedy mustards that might be used by crucifer flea beetles, or weedy nightshades that might be used by potato flea beetles. These beetles are 2-3mm (about 1/10in) long, coloured black or metallic green or blue, some have a yellow stripe running the length of each wing case Adult flea beetles can be seen jumping off leaves when disturbed Root feeding by the grubs does not usually affect growth in home gardens Control Flea beetles. Flea beetle, Parker, J. E. 2012. Organic/Biological Control: Dust with diatomaceous earth or Pyrethrins for serious infestations. Flea beetle adults (Fig. Cultural and biological options are discussed along with alternative pesticidal materials. Growers can manage the, Page 2 Flea Beetle: Organic Control Options diversity of their farms and gardens to support Not a botanical and not often populations of benefi cials. Like synthetic pesticides, most of these materi- als are broad-spectrum and kill many benefi cial, non-target organisms, including predators and Flea beetles attempting to graze on egg plant leaf coated with Surround kaolin parasites that help keep the fl ea beetle population clay. 7b), and damsel bugs (Nabis spp.) There are a few strategies for dealing with a flea beetle infestation. Flea beetles are highly mobile, making control difficult. Some growers note control of Colorado potato beetle. What Are Flea Beetles? However, always check with your certifier before purchasing or using a new product to ensure its use in your organic farming system. January. 422 Kerr Administration P.O. Once flea beetles start to feed on the trap crop, you can kill the pests with a botanically-based insecticide or by tilling the infested trap crop into the ground. The adult corn flea beetle is shiny black, very small (less than 1/16 inches long), and more or less rounded, with large hind legs for jumping. For more information see the article, Can I Use This Input On My Organic Farm. Photo credit: (a and d) G. H. Spitler, Washington State University; (b and c) Joyce Parker, AAAS S&T Policy Fellow USEPA. crispifolia) is an example of a trap crop that has been used effectively in the United States to protect crucifer crops from flea beetle damage (Grubinger, 2005). Flea beetles in home gardens [Online]. However, make sure to reapply after rain to ensure its proper functioning. They feed most on hot sunny days and attack a wide variety of plants including beans, cabbage, corn, eggplant, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, lettuce and most seedlings. NCAT website (www.ncat.org) fi ne shot. Flea beetle feeding on plants in the Brassicaceae and Solanaceae families can scar foliage and potato tubers, leading to reduced marketable yields and potential total crop loss. WSU pdf available here: https://pubs.extension.wsu.edu/organic-management-of-flea-beetles, Extension Communications Because trap crops may vary in their attractiveness over time, it may be important to make multiple plantings of the trap crop. Welcome to the public website of eOrganic, the Organic Agriculture Community of the Extension Foundation. These shiny oval beetles may be black, brown, bronze, or striped and are only 1/10 inch long. with typical fl ea beetle damage on Alternative Pesticides Th e use of this product will likely eggplant leaf. However, living mulches may also harbor various pests of the cash crop. . To retain eff ectiveness, reseeding of the trap crop may be necessary, Biological Control especially if the pest destroys the fi rst planting. Non-living mulches can be used to interfere with or inhibit flea beetle oviposition (i.e., egg laying). 1992. and R.A. Metcalf. They emerge from overwintering sites in mid- to late- spring and mated females lay eggs in the soil at the base of host plants. Beneficial Insects that Provide Flea Beetle Control Ladybugs, braconid wasps, tachinid flies and nematodes are natural predators of flea beetles and other insect pests. Similarly, non-glandular trichomes (hairs) on leaves can act as physical barriers complicating flea beetle feeding on canola (Soroka et al., 2011). 3e and 3f). North Dakota State University Extension Publication E-1234. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section BSoil and Plant Science 64: 493-500. Diverse trap crops combine plants that have different phenologies (life cycles that can be influenced by the environment, weather conditions, and nutrition), chemical profiles, and physical structures that make them more attractive to flea beetles. Sprays combining age to a crop in the cotyledon or fi rst-leaf stages. Insecticidal Soap Specialty Lettuce Unfortunately, these procedures are often in con- and Greens: Organic lay, 1992). Ie. Mustard is, such as Nappa cabbage, gai choy, One example is Microcotonus vittage Muesebeck, and choy sum (Chaput, 1999). 2011. Leave it until it is full of beetles. These hatch in about one week, and the slender white larvae feed on plant roots for approximately 2-3 weeks. Many insects that have a life cycle in the soil, including flea beetles, are susceptible to biological control organisms. Fair to good control of flea beetles and Mexican Bean beetle was noted. NOTES: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of Agriculture. This, however, is most successful under light flea beetle infestations. Adults emerge in spring to feed and lay eggs. (Fig. Flea Beetle: Organic Control Options. The most common Brassica feeding flea beetles found in North America. 1993. Flea beetles are a diverse group of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Published 2015. Specialist Published March 2003 Updated by Rex Dufour, NCAT Agriculture Specialist April 2015 NCAT IP389, Contents Introduction 1 Cultural/Physical Controls 2 Biological Control 2 Alternative Pesticides 3 References 4 Further Resources 4, Typical damage of fl ea beetle on brassicaslikely the Crucifer Flea Beetle . Though they prefer the tender leaves of Brassica rapa and B. juncea crops such as arugula, tatsoi . Sanitation. Flea beetles can also be managed using resistant plant varieties. Flea beetle adults are from 0.06 to 0.12 inch (1.5-3 mm) long. 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