[178], The Overstory, which won the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and spent over a year on the New York Times bestseller list, examined relationships with and rights of trees. Examples include lawsuits in the areas of biodigestor pollution, impaired flow in the Vilcabamba River, and hydropower. South Africa is the only country in Africa where any form of discrimination against the LGBT community is constitutionally forbidden. Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them.Its topics include politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. [156], Other international NGOs have been established with the purpose of relieving the human rights abuses faced by North Koreans. The requirement that jurors be freeholders in cases of high treason was abolished in England and Wales by the Juries Act 1825, and in Northern Ireland (to the extent it applied) by the Statute Law Revision Act 1950. [33], In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments e.g., fines, jail time, and flagellation as alternatives, unless it feels that LGBT individuals are challenging state authority by engaging in LGBT social movements. The U.S. initially passed the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 in October of that year, and reauthorized the law in 2008. [93] The IUCN reaffirmed its commitment to nature's rights at its next meeting in 2016, where the body voted to build rights of nature implementation into the upcoming, four-year IUCN Workplan. Soon Ok Lee, North Korean prison camp survivor", "The Hidden Gulag Part Two: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 25 82), Part Three: Kyo-hwa-so long-term prison-labor facilities (page 82 110)", "North Korea: Horrific Pretrial Detention System", "The Surprising News From North Korea's Prisons", "North Korean Prison Camps Massive and Growing", "Report: Torture, starvation rife in North Korea political prisons", "The Hidden Gulag Part Two: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 2582)", "Human Rights Groups Call on UN Over N.Korea Gulag", "United States Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. If they do not meet the work quota, they are tortured and (at least in Kaechon camp) confined for many days to special prison cells, too small to stand up or lie full-length in. In the kingdom of Dahomey, eunuchs were known as royal wives and played an important part at court. [25][26] However, Human Rights Watch states that they were unable to independently verify the allegations. [64], The Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor published a report condemning the Libyan coastguard officers' whipping of a group of migrants rescued near Libyas Sabratha. "[63], Bringing together Western and Indigenous traditions, Archbishop Desmond Tutu spoke of "Ubuntu", an African ethical concept that translates roughly to "I am because you are", observing that: "Ubuntu speaks particularly about the fact that you can't exist as a human being in isolation. [6] It also listed individual rights, including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and the right not to pay taxes levied without the approval of Parliament. There is a rigid punishment system in the camp. With the exception of South Africa and Cape Verde, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are limited in comparison to the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Sudan's government said that instead of criticizing the country, there should be support by the international community for North Korea's efforts to protect human rights. [17] Many gay bars and villages were created, and a whole gay subculture formed. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. In addition to making legal findings related to human rights, the court found that the Colombian Amazon is a "'subject of rights', entitled to protection, conservation, maintenance and restoration". "[57] His successor, Pope Francis, has been particularly vocal on humanity's relationship with the Earth,[58][59] describing how humans must change their current actions in light of the fact that "a true 'right of the environment' does exist". [43][44][45], Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard classified homosexuality as a mental illness and paraphilia (then known as "sexual perversion"), citing contemporary psychiatric and psychological textbooks to support his view. From a rights of nature perspective, most environmental laws of the twentieth century are based on an outmoded framework that considers nature to be composed of separate and independent parts, rather than components of a larger whole. [15], On 13February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right, and the Marquess of Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. [100], The Boy Scouts of America excludes gay and bisexual people from its organizations, an exclusion enforced commonly for Scoutmasters, but also for scouts in leadership positions. Siegfried Frederick Nadel wrote about the Nuba tribes in Sudan the late 1930s. Defectors indicate that the promotion of the cult of personality is one of the primary functions of almost all films, plays, and books produced within the country. all words down to "Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made", Article 7 (allowing Protestants to bear arms), all words from "And they doe Claime Demand and Insist", This page was last edited on 27 October 2022, at 23:02. [157] These U.N. Dialogues and the Harmony with Nature initiative may provide a foundation for development of a United Nations-adopted Universal Declaration of the Rights of Nature which, like the U.N.'s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, could form the foundation for rights-based laws worldwide. It was again legalised by the Supreme Court on 6 September 2018. The gravity, scale and nature of these violations revealed a State that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world. An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. [2] This claim is underpinned by two lines of reasoning: that the same ethics that justify human rights, also justify nature's rights, and, that humans' own survival depend on healthy ecosystems. In some countries, struggles for civil rights were accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and even armed rebellion. In Cairo, cross-dressing men called "khawal" would entertain audiences with song and dance (potentially of pre-Islamic origin). [152] In 2019 it was struck down by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 2020. [75], As North and South Korea use different television systems (PAL and NTSC, respectively), it is not possible to view broadcasts across the border between the two countries; however, in areas bordering China, it has reportedly been possible to receive television from that country. These include recognition that "[a]ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights", that "[e]veryone has the right to life, liberty and security of person", and that "[e]veryone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted". [69], The following table shows Libya's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by the US government-funded Freedom House. Previously, the country never had any laws against consensual same-sex activity. [15], Until 1998, foreign languages were not part of the school curriculum. [13] Bolivia similarly amended its constitution and enacted nature's rights statutes to reflect traditional Indigenous respect for Pachamama, and a worldview of natural systems and humans as part of one family. Those released included 45 members of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), most of whom had been in prison since the mid-1990s after being sentenced in unfair trials for an attempt to overthrow then-jamahiriya leader Muammar. The government is criticized both for restrictions [2][23][24], Rights of nature proponents contend that re-envisioning current environmental laws from a nature's rights frame demonstrates the limitations of current legal systems. British social anthropologist Rodney Needham has described such a religious leadership role called "mugawe" among the Meru people and Kikuyu people of Kenya, which included wearing women's clothes and hairstyle. [31][68] Only the political elite may own or lease vehicles, and the government limits access to fuel and other forms of transport due to frequent shortages of gasoline/petrol, diesel fuel, crude oil, coal and other fossil fuels due to the severe sanctions placed on North Korea by the U.S. and other nations (satellite photos of North Korea show an almost complete absence of vehicles on all of its roads throughout the country, even in its cities). [66] Research on the effect of suppressing information about sexuality awareness in schools showed a correspondence with increases in the level of homophobic bullying by peers, as well as increased incidence in depression and suicide amongst LGBT people trying to come to terms with their sexuality. Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Lifton wrote about this in his book The Nazi Doctors:[11], [] sexology and defense of homosexuality [] were aspects of "sexual degeneration, a breakdown of the family and loss of all that is decent," and ultimately the destruction of the German Volk. Opposition to legal rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, Parts of this article (those related to Boy Scouts of America) need to be, Indian and East Asian religious opposition. It is argued that the number of gay people who perished in the Holocaust was quite low in comparison to other Holocaust victims, and confined to Germany itself, based on estimates that of 50,000 gay people who came before the courts, between 5,000 and 15,000[13][14][15] ended up in concentration camps. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual orientation, race, religion, or nation. [31][111][112] Public and secret executions of prisoners, including children, especially in cases of escape attempts,[113] and infanticides (forced abortions and baby killings upon birth[31][114]) often occur. [41][42] Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body which allows people of diverse SOGIESC communities to marry under Hindu Marriage Law 1951. [3][4][5], First, it is argued that if inherent human rights arise from human existence, so too logically do inherent rights of the natural world arise from the natural world's own existence. [29] In early Greece, the earth goddess Gaia was worshipped as a supreme deity. This led to widespread criticism from the scientific community, with an academic of the National Institutes of Health calling on his Ugandan counterparts to reconsider their findings. Rather, consideration of life as a web of relationships extending back to a shared ancestry confers subject status to all, including the inherent rights associated with that status. "[44], In July 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi had an interview with Russia Today, where he denied the ICC's allegations that he or his father Muammar Gaddafi ordered the killing of civilian protesters. [42], The application of the Bill of Rights to the Kingdom of Ireland was uncertain. [40][41] It was cited again by the Supreme Court in its 2019 ruling that the prorogation of parliament was unlawful. [6], The Siwa Oasis in Egypt was described by several early twentieth century travellers as a place where same-sex sexual relationships were quite common. According to the monitor, dozens of loosely formed, armed groups have formed, which makes a "chaos of weapons". Will Roscoe and Stephen O. Murray(Author, Editor, 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154345.html, International Gay and Lesbian Association, UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia, "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition", International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, "How many African states outlaw same-sex relations? Among its findings, the high court recognized the river as a living entity with legal rights, and it further held that the same would apply to all rivers in Bangladesh. Labour passed into law in 2005 the ability for same-sex couples to enter civil partnerships, but they could not take place in a church or be called a "marriage". Many religions, including ones within the Eastern faiths and Abrahamic faiths, do not support homosexual sex. 521525. [49], According to Human Rights Watch annual report 2016, journalists are still being targeted by the armed groups in Libya. [61] Out of 200 seats, Article 16 of the Electoral Laws reserved 30 seats for women. Further camps are mentioned as being in Taehng and Snghori (already closed). Refunds are only issued if required by law. Officials of the South Korean government claim that 486 South Koreans, mostly fishermen, are believed to have been abducted since the end of the Korean War. [1] The group argued that gay people were "recruiting" or "molesting children" in order to make them gay. [38], The North Korean constitution nominally protects religious freedom, as long as it is not used to harm the state or the social order. In one case a chief was summoned to testify about customary penalties and reported that the penalty was a fine of one cow, which was less than the penalty for adultery. Releases Rights Report, With an Acknowledgment", "The Stories from inside North Korea's Prison Camps Are Horrifying", "UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 North Korea", KCNA Assails Role Played by Japan for UN Passage of "Human Rights" Resolution against DPRK, KCNA Refutes U.S. Anti-DPRK Human Rights Campaign, "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "Council President appoints Members of Commission of Inquiry on the Democratic People's Republic in Korea", "Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council: Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "North Korean Defectors Tell U.N. Panel of Prison Camp Abuses", "UN Panel Hears from Relatives of Japanese Abducted by N. Korea", "UN human rights probe on DPR Korea set to begin hearings in Japan", "UN panel on North Korea details horrific torture, appeals to world to act", "North Korea: UN moves closer to ICC human rights probe", "Un votes against North Korea on human rights - CNN.com", "The Evolution of Human Rights Thinking in North Korea", "NATIONAL REPORT SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARAGRAPH 15 (A) OF THE ANNEX TO HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 5/1* Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "North Korea wrote a 53,558-word report on its human rights record. The Bill of Rights 1689 is an Act of Parliament seen as a crucial landmark in English constitutional law that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown.It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary [2][3][84][85] Late in 1979, a new religious revival among conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics ushered in the Republican coalition politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement. [155] North Korea has charged that those who make allegations about human rights in the country are interfering with the country's internal affairs and trying to force down their values. [94][87][95], As of 2021 rights of nature has been reflected in treaties, constitutions, court decisions, and statutory and administrative law at all levels of government. [76], North Korea's population is one of the world's most ethnically homogeneous, and immigration is almost non-existent. [40], On 26 February 2011, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously in a resolution to impose strict sanctions, including targeted travel bans, against Gaddafi's government, as well as to refer Gaddafi and other members of his regime to the International Criminal Court for investigation into allegations of brutality against civilians, which could constitute crimes against humanity in violation of international law. "[112] The Article adds enforcement language as well, stating that "Any person may demand the observance of the rights of the natural environment before public bodies",[112] and echoing Christopher Stone, Article 72 adds that Nature has the right to be completely restored independent of the obligation to compensate people. [6], In Ethiopian history, the recognition of same-sex activity is generally obscure, which means no rare evidence left to scholarly research. [2], Nineteenth century linguist and scholar Edward Payson Evans, an early rights of nature theorist and author of "the first extensive American statement of () environmental ethics,[5] wrote that each human is truly a part and product of Nature as any other animal, and [the] attempt to set him up on an isolated point outside of it is philosophically false and morally pernicious. [4][5] As well as setting limits on the powers of the monarch, it established the rights of Parliament, including regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual orientation, race, religion, or nation. [146] South Korea officially recognized 480 South Korean abductees to be held in North Korea. [9], In the 1920s and into the early 1930s, there were LGBT communities in cities like Berlin; German-Jewish sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld was one of the most notable spokespeople for LGBT rights at this time. [10] In 2004, however, Libya posted a $1million bounty for journalist Ashur Shamis, under the allegation that he was linked to Al-Qaeda and terror suspect Abu Qatada. (At least 34)", "South Africa: LGBT Groups Respond To Contralesa's Stance on Same Sex Marriage | OutRight Action International", "Zimbabwe Rejects UN Appeal for Gay Rights, Denies Torture Claims", "Sudan, cancellata la pena di morte per le persone omosessuali - Gay.it", "Una boda homosexual en el centro de inmigrantes de Melilla para "acabar con el miedo", "Mayotte: First gay wedding soon celebrated on the island of perfumes", "Gay and Lesbian travel in Africa Lonely Planet", "Africa's most and least homophobic countries", "The Nuba; an anthropological study of the hill tribes in Kordofan", "UNPO: Ethiopia: Sexual Minorities Under Threat", "Same-Sex Intimacies in the Early African Text Gdl Wltt Peros (1672): Queer Reading an Ethiopian Woman Saint", "State Sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults", "The British Empire and the Criminalisation of Homosexuality", "African Sexuality and the Legacy of Imported Homophobia", "State Sponsored Homophobia 2017: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition", "Algeria: Treatment of homosexuals by society and government authorities; protection available including recourse to the law for homosexuals who have been subject to ill-treatment (2005-2007)", "Same-sex couples in Spain. 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