5. The ozone layer acts as a shield or a protective blanket that protects the earths surface from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Revision Notes Chapter 15 Our Environment Class 10 Science. The decomposers produce some acids which are useful in solubilization of some minerals. CBSE Class 10 Science Revision Notes Chapter-wise Interlinks. These notes are made out of past 10 years question papers and study material which help the students cover each and every concept given in the chapter. organism per unit its mass at each successive trophic level in a food chain is known as biomagnification. The use of gunny bags and paper bags in place of polythene/plastic bags. Environment includes everything, that is, vegetation, water, microorganisms, soil, rocks, and atmosphere. The term ecosystem refers to the amount of solar energy that is accessible and the efficiency with which an ecosystem can capture it.2. Transfer of energy from one trophic level toanother depicting its direction and amount. To know more about food webs and other topics from this chapter, you can check out Vedantu CBSE, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers for Class 10, Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10 Maths, Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10 Science, Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10 English, Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10 Hindi, Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. a) Natural forest fire, dust storms, and volcanic activity Decomposers help in recycling the materials in the biosphere so that, the process of life may go on and on like an unending chain. To know more about Energy Flow in Ecosystem, visit here. This is called the food web. 1. It shows us the importance of our ecosystem and the need for the food chains to be maintained. Unlike ecosystems, there need not be any necessary interaction between them. 4. Important topics covered in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15 Our Environment Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV radiation, acting on oxygen (O2) molecule. Arhan Sheikh verified owner. While going through the notes for Class 10 Our Environment, you must also remember that the living and non-living components in an environment adapt themselves according to the surroundings and play a significant role in maintaining the balance of the environment which is very important in sustaining life on planet earth. Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers), and their non-living environment (soil, air and water). Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi which break down the complex organic compounds present in the dead plants and animals and their products into simpler substances are known as decomposers. The environment includes all those effects and a set of conditions that impact the life of an organism like their growth, survival, evolution, and reproduction. Required fields are marked *. It is being depleted because of the excessive use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by humans. Here, in this chapter, we will learn about various components of the environment, their interactions and how our activities affect the environment. The following notes will help you to understand and easily learn all important points to help you score more marks. Thus, many modern-day appliances are CFC-free, which helps in sustaining the level of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Improvements in the lifestyle have to lead to greater amounts of waste material generation. Filed Under: Class 10 Our Environment About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is a post-graduate in Chemistry and an experienced tutor who has been teaching students since 2007. Temperature and sunshine are also key factors in the breakdown of biodegradable compounds. c) Pyramid of energy: is always upright as it shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next trophic level. Green plants absorb solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. It includes three types of organisms :1. As Term 1 Board Exams for Class 10 & 12 are going to start from November 15th, 2021, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has released the Class 10, 12 sample papers for CBSE Board Exams . To know more about food webs and other topics from this chapter, you can check out Vedantu CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 15 Our Environment. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Get notified about the latest career insights, study tips, and offers at Leverage Edu. Consumers:They are organisms which consume other organisms or their products as their food. Therefore, all green plants are called producers. While studying Class 10 Our Environment notes, you must also go through the concept of the flow of energy in any ecosystem and environment. interact with each other and maintains the balance in nature, it forms an ecosystem in the environment. These are also known as microorganism or saprotrophs. Food chains signify the feeding relationship between the organisms in an ecosystem. The producers or the autotrophs constitute the first level. Thus, carnivore animals have only 0.1 J of energy while 0.9 J is lost to the environment. Changes in the packaging of items have resulted in huge amounts of waste becoming non-biodegradable. Since the loss of energy at every step is so huge that a very small amount of usable energy remains when it reaches the fourth trophic level. It is on the types of wastes, ecosystems and garbage disposal mechanisms. 1. Environment: The physical, chemical and biological conditions of the region in which an organism lives is called its Environment. Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations. In both of the above ecosystems, all living organisms interact with each other and their growth, reproduction, and some of the other activities are affected by the abiotic components of the ecosystem. (ii) These substances keep the environment clean. This is the best science handwritten notes of class 10 th available on whole internet, handwritten notes are always easy to understand and also easy to revise. Chapter 12 Electricity. Substances that can be broken down by biological processes are known as biodegradable. CBSE Class 10th - Edumantra science handwritten notes free pdf download. 6. (United Nation Environment Programme) did an excellent job in forging an agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels (KYOTO Protocol) by all countries. itself eaten by another organism to transfer energy is called a food chain. Green plants capture about 1% of the solar energy incident on the Earth through the biochemical process of photosynthesis. The microscopic aquatic plants freely floating on the surface of water are called phytoplanktons. The difference between the two types of waste is that when a substance is easily broken down by biological processes and decomposed completely, it is said to be biodegradable but when a substance is not broken by the biological processes or decomposed it is said to be non-biodegradable. For survival of living organisms, they need suitable environment that is rainfall, temperature, light and food. 8. Download CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 15 PDF for free here. U.N.E.P. Are you preparing for Exams? They persist in the environment for a long time and may harm the various members of the ecosystem. Here, we have provided details on class 10 Our Environment Science Notes. All rights reserved. Reuse Reusing means using things again. These atoms then combine with the molecular oxygen to form ozone as shown: The ozone layer is a protective blanket that surrounds the Earth and absorbs the majority of the Suns damaging U.V. Our Environment is an important topic in Science Class 10 which if understood properly can help students to get very good marks in class tests and exams. Overexploitation and overhunting of natural resources with activities such as mining and fishing are causing a reduction in plants and animals. 3. Is a graphical representation of Who eats Whom in an ecosystem. Ozone is deadly poisonous at the ground level. A food chain is unidirection where transfer of energy takes place in only one direction. Eg: Bacteria and fungi. Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements. Notes of Chapter 15 Science Class 10: Human Activities Affecting The Environment. Producers are organisms that are capable of producing their own food without the help of any other organism. The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc., through food chains, can prove very harmful. Planning to opt for Science after 10th? Soil, water bodies and air on the surface of the earth. Ozone is a molecule that contains three atoms of oxygen. Australia, Meet 75+ universities in Mumbai on 30th April, Leverage Edu experience is better on the app, Streamline your study abroad journey from course, CBSE decided to reduce the Class 11 syllabus for 2020-21 to help students perform better in exams through, 50 Difficult Words with Meanings. The various trophic levels are given below : Flow Open Energy It is a dynamic interaction of climatic factors, living things and natural resources. A food chain helps in understanding the food relationship and interactions among various organisms in an ecosystem. The decomposers release minerals and other raw materials trapped in organic matter. Bioconcentration or biomagnifications occurs when wastes enter food chains. The environment consists of both living and non-living things which co-exist naturally. . 2 months ago Marrow Edition 6 Notes Buy Online 2022 - Obstetrics. Our Environment Class 10 Notes would provide you with clear understanding and retention of the course content which would help you score more marks. Thus the consumers depend upon producers for their food directly or indirectly. Food web showing 8 interlinked food chains. 2) Physiographic factors like height, slope. Class 10th Biology Our Environment notes tell that environment consists of both biotic and abiotic factors. All animals belong to this category. Example: Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are examples of organic molecules. Autotrophs or producers capture the energy of the sunlight to produce food. Biological magnification is a phenomenon by which harmful substances or chemicals accumulate from the lower trophic level to a higher one. Delhi 110024, A-68, Sector 64, Noida, These substances are inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm the various members of the ecosystem. processes. >> Class 10 >> Biology >> Our Environment. The number of individuals at the lower trophic levels of an ecosystem is generally more therefore the largest number is of the producers. These revision notes have been drafted by the Vedantus experienced teachers keeping in mind the latest syllabus, important points for last-minute revision and key aspects of the chapters. These are engaged in the material cycle in the environment. These microorganisms are the decomposers as they break-down the complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances that go into the soil and are used up once more by the plants. and abiotic components include sunlight, temperature, air, wind, rainfall, soil and minerals, etc. It helps human beings to know about conservation of resources, protection from pollution and inputs required for maximizing productivity. This has caused a rise in the global temperature and the sea level. 1. Since so little energy is available for the next level of consumers, food chains generally consist of only three or four steps. Emission of Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gases, Class 10th Ch 15 Science Notes: Manage the Environment Impact of Your Work, A food chain can be a complicated series where one organism may be consumed by two or more kinds of organisms. Organisms feed on one another for fulfilling their nourishment needs in the environment. Examples of EcosystemA garden is an ecosystem that has biotic components and abiotic components that interact with each other and makes collective growth. Food chain refers to an arrangement of different biotic groups in a sequence of energy transfer. However, during the transmission, the energy gets converted into other forms, and some energy gets lost in the transmission that cannot be used again. They absorb nutrients from dead and decaying plants and animal parts. Collection3. The environment has three main components, viz : 2. These are also called primary carnivores or second order consumers. The microscopic aquatic animals freely floating on water are called zooplanktons. Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations, Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements, Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction, Chapter 11 - Human Eye and Colourful World, Chapter 13 - Magnetic Effects of Electric Current, Chapter 16 - Management of Natural Resources. A single chlorine atom can destroys 1,00,000 Ozone molecules. Food chain is sequential process which represents who eats whom. This nascent oxygen further reacts with the oxygen present in the atmosphere and forms ozone molecules. Learn the science & mystery of oceans in a masterclass with Tasneem Khan, a marine zoologist & diver with 1000+ dives! All the above ecosystems are made up of two main components. Recycling is possible both naturally or through human efforts. According to the class 10 Our Environment chapter, there are two components in an ecosystem. Some of the harmful chemicals enter our bodies through the food chain. These largely form the living body and link the abiotic and biotic components. 5. First, the energy flow is unidirectional, which means that the energy that is consumed by the producers or the autotrophs from the sun cannot be reverted to the solar input. Our environment class 10 notes These notes involve explanations of the various components of out environment. The shipment was delayed by 15 days, but the notes are in good condition. These are called heterotrophs. So, plants utilizes only 10 J of energy. After roughly three months, the same rubbish in the pit transforms into organic manure.Recycling: It is the process of breaking down solid trash into its constituent simpler elements. The species depending directly or indirectly on the organisms are called herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Natural : Ponds, forests, and lakes are natural ecosystems, Artificial: garden and crop fields are man-made. Ozone serves an important purpose. Ecosystem: A community of organisms, interacting with each other, plus the environment in which they Please verify. Animals that eat plants are called herbivores and they are also known as primary consumers. Every things in our surrounding, whether living or non living constitute environment. live and with which they also interact. Biomagnification: The increase in the concentration of the harmful chemicals in the body of an It can also be referred as the combination of all the physical and biological conditions affecting the responses of living organisms. 2. Overview. Download Revise Complete Science for [] Food chains transfer energy and materials between various living components in an ecosystem or biosphere. Ensures environmental best practices are followed along with propermonitoring and regulation. Biotic components are of three types which are essential for ecosystem. In the United Nations Environment Programme (1987), an agreement was signed to stop the use of CFCs in refrigerators by manufacturing companies. The wastes are broadly classified into two categories:-. oxygen (O2) into free oxygen (O) atoms. These are also called reducers. In this post I am going to provide you edumantra class 10 th handwritten Notes in free of cost. lion, tiger, snake. The plastics that are present in the water destroy the ecosystem and change the reproductive pattern of the animals. Some examples of natural ecosystems are grass land, forest, sea, river, desert, mountain, pond, lake etc. It provides information on the necessary minerals that are accessible as well as their recycling durations.3. Ponds, forests, and lakes are natural ecosystems. 4. Our environment class 10 notes - These notes involve explanations of the various components of out environment. 5. For example, T1(Grass) T2(Deer) T3(Lion), Examples of Food Chains: Simple food chain operating in a grass land or forest Food Web: The inter-connected food chains operating in an ecosystem which establish a network of relationship between various species, are called a food web. 3. This radiation is extremely harmful to creatures; for example, it has been linked to skin cancer in humans. In order to generate energy, the worlds population has been largely dependent on the carbon-rich fossils such as oil, coal and gas. A common example of food chains are:-. Food chain, Food web, Trophic levels. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are : Environment: The combination of all the physical and biological conditions affecting the responses of living organisms is called environment. What Happens to the Environment When We Add Waste to it? 2. Ensures environmental best practices are followed along with propermonitoring and regulation. Excessive use of fertilisers changes the chemistry of soil and kills useful microbes. Learn. Recycling is possible only through human efforts. If you have any query regarding NCERT Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 15 Our Environment, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest. Chapter 14 Sources of Energy. About 10% of organic matter is present at each step and reaches the next level of consumers. In simpler words, a food web consists of multiple food chains. These stored chemicals in plants are consumed by animals. Your search is over with entrancei question bank solve carefully selective questions for Our Environment . Therefore, they clean the environment and create space for a living of newer generations of organisms. The carnivores which are not preyed upon further are called top carnivores. Non-livingchemical and physical components of the environment like the soil, air, water, temperature, etc. When this energy is transferred from one level to the other level, some of the energy is lost to the environment in forms that cannot be used again. 5. These Class 10 our environment notes and questions have been prepared by expert teachers and subject experts based on the latest syllabus and pattern of term 2. 5. Science Class 10 Notes for Our Environment Introduction The environment includes our physical surroundings like air (or atmosphere), water bodies, soil (land) and all the organisms such as plants, animals, human beings and micro organisms like bacteria and fungi (called decomposers). In a food chain, the quantity of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next trophic level decreases gradually. This chapter gives knowledge on air, constituents of air, wind, air present in soil and its importance, oxygen and its importance for living organisms, atmosphere and its importance and importance of plants for our survival. For example: insecticides, pesticides, mercury, radioactive wastes, etc. These substances can be inert and remain in the environment for a very long time causing harm to the various members of the ecosystem. It gives information about the available essential minerals and their recycling periods. It is important to note that through the food chain harmful chemicals and other substances get into human bodies. physical, chemical and biotic factors. NCERT Our Environment | For Class 7 National Council Of Educational Research And Training ISBN - 8174507140 Textbook In Geography For Class VII Buy More NCERT . It can be upright or inverted. Our Environment. (Ultraviolet) radiation, safeguarding the Earths living creatures from health dangers such as skin cancer, cataracts in the eyes, weakened immune systems, plant damage, and so on. Biological magnification: It means accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals (like pesticides) in the living organisms (like plants, animals, including man) in a food chain. Environment: Everything which surrounds us is environment. Inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium. pond ecosystem, grassland, Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 15: Our Environment, CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Notes, NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 15 Our Environment, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15: Our Environment. Various organisms feed on each other at various levels. Biotic Community: A group of various populations of organisms living in a region is called the biotic community. Providing space to the organisms for living. They break down the complex organic matter into simpler substances that are taken up by the plants for various metabolic activities. Forests, lakes, oceans, ponds, etc. Everything around us, including both living and nonliving components like soil, animals, plants, microbes, etc. They include the following- 1) Grazing animals 2) Insects The existence of plants and animals has been affected by overexploitation and overhunting. Ozone layer : Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen unlike oxygen which is required for respiration by aerobic forms, ozone is a deadly poison. Extensive cropping causes loss of soil fertility. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 1, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 2, NCERT Solutions Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, NCERT Syllabus Class 10 Political Science, CBSE Class 9 information Technology Syllabus, CBSE Class 9 Artificial Intelligene Syllabus, CBSE Class 10 Information Technology Syllabus, CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Syllabus, CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Syllabus, CBSE Important Questions for class 12 Physics, CBSE Important Questions for class 12 Chemistry, CBSE Important Questions for class 12 Biology, CBSE Important Questions for class 12 Maths, CBSE Important Questions for class 11 Physics, CBSE Important Questions for class 11 Chemistry, CBSE Important Questions for class 11 Biology, CBSE Important Questions for class 11 Maths, CBSE Important Questions for class 10 Maths, CBSE Important Questions for class 10 Science, CBSE Important Questions for class 10 Social Science, CBSE Important Questions for class 9 Maths, CBSE Important Questions for class 9 Science, CBSE Important Questions for class 9 Social Science, CBSE Important Questions for class 8 Maths, CBSE Important Questions for class 8 Science, CBSE Important Questions for class 8 Social Science, Class 7 Social Science Important Questions, Class 6 Social Science Important Questions, CBSE Extra Questions for class 10 Science, Chapter 1 Real Numbers Objective Questions, Chapter 2 Polynomials Objective Questions, Chapter 3 Pair Of Linear Equations In Two Variables Objective Questions, Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Objective Questions, Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progression Objective Questions, Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Objective Questions, Chapter 8 Introduction To Trigonometry Objective Questions, Chapter 9 Applications Of Trigonometry Objective Questions, Chapter 11 Construction Objective Questions, Chapter 12 Areas Related To Circles Objective Questions, Chapter 13 Surface Areas And Volumes Objective Questions, Chapter 14 Statistics Objective Questions, Chapter 15 Probability Objective Questions, Chemical Reaction and Equation Class 10 MCQ, Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10 MCQ, Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 MCQ, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Class 10 MCQ, Globalisation and the Indian Economy MCQs, Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 MCQs, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 12 Maths, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 12 Physics, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 12 Chemistry, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 12 Biology, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 11 Maths, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 11 Physics, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 11 Chemistry, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 11 Biology, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 10 Science, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 10 Maths, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 9 Science, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 9 Maths, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 8 Science, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 8 Maths, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for class 7 Science, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 7 Maths, NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 6 Maths, Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 8 Science, NCERT Solutions for class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 10 Political Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions Class 9 Political Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Civics, NCERT Books for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Books for Class 11 Business Studies, Difference between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs, JEE Main 2022 Question Papers with Answers, JEE Advanced 2022 Question Paper with Answers, Secondary consumers (primary carnivores -T2), Quaternary consumers (Ter.